See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

PSALMS, See also:

• BOOK

BOOK OF, or PSALTER  , the first See also:

• BOOK

book of the Hagiographa in the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible . See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

Title and Traditional Authorship.—The Hebrew 'title of the book is ^' Vin, tishillim, or o'Sn " the book of See also:

• HYMNS

hymns," or rather " songs of praise."' The singular n1,?nn is properly the See also:

• INFINITIVE

infinitive or nomen verbi of 59n, a verb employed in the technical See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple service for the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of a jubilant See also:

• SONG

song of praise to the See also:

• ACCOMPANIMENT (i.e. that which " accompanies ")

accompaniment of See also:

• MUSIC

music and the blare of the priestly trumpets (1 Chron. xvi . 4 seq., See also:

• XXV

xxv . 3; 2 Chron. v . 12 seq.) . The name is not therefore equally applicable to all See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

psalms, and in the later Jewish See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual the synonym See also:

• HALLEL (Heb. 5;7 a Mishnic derivative from 5? hillel, " to praise ")

Hallel specially designates two See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of psalms, cxiii.–cxviii. and cxlvi.–cl., of which the former was sung at the three See also:

• GREAT

great feasts —the See also:

• ENCAENIA

encaenia, and the new See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, and the latter at the daily See also:

• MORNING

morning See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer . That the whole book is named " praises " is clearly due to the fact that it was the See also:

• MANUAL

manual of the Temple service of song, in which praise was the leading feature . But for an individual See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

psalm the usual name is Wimp (in the Bible only in titles of psalms), which is applicable to any piece designed to be sung to a musical accompaniment . Of this word ibaXµbs, " psalm," is a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, and in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Bible the whole book is called ifiaX,uol or 1liaXTiJptov.2 The title I/iaXµol or /3g3Aos i//aXpwv is used in the New Testament (See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke xx . 42, See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 44; Acts i . 20), but in Heb. iv .

7 we find another title, namely " See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David." See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus tells us that in his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time most Christians said " the Psalms of David," and believed the whole book to be his; but this title and belief are both of Jewish origin, for in 2 See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

Mace. ii . 13 See also:

• TIC

Tic Tov Aaetb means the Psalter, and the title of the apocryphal " Psalter of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon " implies that the previously existing Psalter was ascribed to David . Jewish tradition does not make David the author of all the psalms; but as he was regarded as the founder and legislator of the Temple psalmody (I Chron., ut supra; See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra iii. lo; Neh. xii . 36, 45 seq.; Ecclus. xlvii . 8 seq.), so also he was held to have completed and arranged the whole book, though according to Talmudic tradition 3 he incorporated psalms by ten other authors, See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam, See also:

• MELCHIZEDEK (Heb. for " king of righteousness "; or, since Sedek is probably the name of a god, " Sedelt is my king ")

Melchizedek, See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham, See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses, Heman, Jeduthun, See also:

• ASAPH

Asaph, and the three sons of Korah . With this it agrees that the titles of the psalms name no one later than Solomon, and even he is not recognized as a psalmodist by the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient tradition, that of the LXX., which omits him from the title of Ps. cxxvii. and makes Ps. lxxii. be written not by him but of him . The details of the tradition of authorship show considerable variation; according to the Talmudic view Adam is author of the See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath psalm, xcii., and Melchizedek of Ps. cx., while Abraham is identified with Ethan the Ezrahite (Ps. lxxxix.) . But, according to older Jewish tradition attested by See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen,4 Ps. xcii. is by Moses, to whom are assigned Ps. xc.–c. inclusive, according to a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• RULE

rule that all See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous pieces are by the same See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand with the nearest preceding psalm whose author is named; and Ps. ex., which by its title is Davidic, seems to have been given to Melchizedek to avoid the See also:

• DILEMMA (Gr. &Xuµua, a double proposition, from bi- and aµ(36.vetv)

dilemma of Matt. xxii . 41 seq . Origen's rule accounts for all the psalms except i. and ii., which were sometimes reckoned as one poem (Acts xiii . 33 in the Western See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text; Origen; B . Berakhoth, f .

9b.), and appear to have been ascribed to David (Acts iv . 25) . The See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome (Praef. in ps. heb.) and other See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian writers that the See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector of the Psalter was Ezra does not seem to See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest on Jewish tradition . Nature and Origin of the Collection.—Whatever may be the value of the titles to individual psalms, there can be no question that the tradition that the Psalter was collected by David is not See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical ; i Hippol., ed . Lag., p . 188; Euseb . H.E. vi . 25, 2; Epiph . Mens et See also:

• POND
• POND, JOHN (c. 1767-1836)

Pond . § 23; Jerome's See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to Psalt. juxta Hebraeos . 2 Similarly in the See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac Bible the title is mazmore . 2 The passages are collected in Kimhi's preface to his commentary on the Psalms, ed .

See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller-Szinessy, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge (1883) . 4 Opp. ii . 514 seq., ed . See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

Rue; cf . Hippol. ut supra; Jerome, Ep. cxl . (ed . Cypr.), and Praef. in Mal . The question now arises: Was the collection a single See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act or is the Psalter made up of several older collections ? And here we have first to observe that in the Hebrew text the Psalter is divided into five books, each of which closes with a See also:

• DOXOLOGY (Gr. 3oi oXoyia, a praising, giving glory)

doxology . The See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the whole is as follows: Book I., Ps. i.-x1i . ; all these are ascribed to David except i., ii., x . (which is really See also:

• PART

part of ix.), xxxiii .

(ascribed to David in LXX.) ; doxology, xli . 13 . Book II., Ps. xlii . Ixxii.: of these xlii.-xlix. are ascribed to the Korahites (xliii. being part of xlii.), 1. to Asaph, li.-lxxi. to David (except lxvi., lxvii., lxxi. anonymous; in LXX. the last two See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear David's name), Ixxii. to Solomon; doxology, Ixxii . 18, 19 followed by the subscription " The prayers of David the son of See also:

• JESSE
• JESSE, EDWARD (178o–1868)
• JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874)

Jesse are ended." Book III., Ps . Ixxiii.-lxxxix.; here lxxiii.-lxxxiii. bear the name of Asaph, lxxxiv., lxxxv., lxxxvii., lxxxviii. that of the Korahites, lxxxvi. of David, lxxxviii. of Heman, Ixxxix. of Ethan; doxology, Ixxxix . 52 . Book IV., Ps. xc.-evi.: all are anonymous except xc . (Moses), ci., ciii . (David),—LXX. gives also civ. to David; here the doxology is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar, " Blessed be See also:

• JEHOVAH (YAHWEH2)

Jehovah See also:

• GOD

God of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel from See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

everlasting and to everlasting . And let all the See also:

• PEOPLE

people say See also:

• AMEN

Amen, Hallelujah." Book V., Ps. evii.-cl.: of these cviii.-cx., cxxii., cxxiv., exxxi., cxxxiii., cxxxviii.-cxlv. are ascribed to David and cxxvii. to Solomon, and cxx.-cxxxiv. are See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage psalms, LXX. varies considerably from the Hebrew as to the psalms to be ascribed to David; the book closes with a See also:

• GROUP

group of doxological psalms . The See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division into five books was known to Hippolytus, but a closer examination of the doxologies shows that it does not represent the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original scheme of the Psalter; for, while the doxologies to the first three books are no part of the psalms to which they are attached, but really See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the end of a book in a pious See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion not uncommon in Eastern literature, that to book IV., with its See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

rubric addressed to the people, plainly belongs to the psalm, or rather to its liturgical execution, and does not therefore really mark the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of a collection once See also:

• SEPARATE

separate .

In point of fact books IV. and V. have so many See also:

• COMMON

common characters that there is every See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to regard them as a single great group . Again, the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main part of books II. and III . (Ps. xlii.-lxxxiii.) is distinguished from the rest of the Psalter by habitually avoiding the name Jehovah (the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord) and using Elohim (God) instead, even in cases like Ps . 1 . 7, where " I am Jehovah thy God " of Exod. xx . 2 is quoted but changed very awkwardly to " I am God thy God." This is not due to the authors of the Individual psalms, but to an editor; for Ps . H. is only another recension of Ps. xiv., and Ps. lxa repeats part of Ps. xl., and here Jehovah is six times changed to Elohim, while the opposite See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change happens but once . The Elohim psahns, then, have undergone a common editorial treatment, distinguishing them from the rest of the Psalter . And they make up the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of books II. and III., the remaining psalms, lxxxiv.-lxxxix., appearing to be a sort of appendix . But when we look at the Elohim psalms more nearly, -we see that they contain two distinct elements, Davidic psalms and psalms ascribed to the Levitical choirs (sons of Korah, Asaph) . The Davidic collection as we have it splits the Levitical psalms into two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups and actually divides the Asaphic Ps . I. from the main Asaphic collection, lxxiii.-lxxxiii .

This See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order can hardly be original, especially as the Davidic Elohim psalms have a separate subscription (Ps . Ixxii . 20) . But if we remove them we get a continuous See also:

• BODY

body of Levitical Elohim psalms, or rather two collections, the first Korahitic and the second Asaphic, to which there have been added by way of appendix by a non-Elohistic editor a supplementary group of Korahite psalms and one psalm (certainly See also:

• LATE

late) ascribed to David . The formation of books IV. and V. is certainly later than the Elohistic redaction of hooks II. and III., for Ps. eviii. is made up of two Elohim psalms (,vii . 7-11,1x . 5-12) in the Elohistic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, though the last two books of the Psalter are generally not of all its component parts . (R . H . K.) Jehovistic . We can thus distinguish the following steps in the redaction: (a) the formation of a Davidic collection (book I.) with a closing doxology; (b) a second Davidic collection (li.-Ixxii.) with doxology and subscription; (c) a twofold Levitical collection (xlii.-xlix.; 1., lxxiii.-lxxxiii.) ; (d) an Elohistic redaction and See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of (b) and (c) ; (e) the addition of a non-Elohistic supplement to (d) with a doxology; (f) a collection later than (d), consisting of books IV. and V . And finally the anonymous psalms i., ii., which as. anonymous were hardly an original part of book I., may have been prefixed after the whole Psalter was completed .

We see, too, that It is only in the latest collection (books IV., V.) that anonymity is the rule, and titles, especially titles with names, occur only sporadically . Elsewhere the titles run in series and correspond to the limits of older collections . Date of the Collection.—An inferior limit for the final collection is given by the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint translation . But this translation was not written all at once, and its See also:

• HISTORY

history is obscure; we only know from the See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue to See also:

• ECCLESIASTICUS (abbreviated to Ecclus.)

Ecclesiasticus that the Hagiographa, and doubtless therefore the Psalter, were read in Greek in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt about 130 B.C. or somewhat later., And the Greek Psalter, though it contains one apocryphal psalm at the close, is essentially the same as the Hebrew; there is nothing to suggest that the Greek was first translated from a less See also:

• COMPLETE

complete Psalter and afterwards extended to agree with the extant Hebrew . It is therefore reasonable to hold that the Hebrew Psalter was completed and recognized as an authoritative collection See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough before 13o B.C. to allow of its passing to the Greek-speaking See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews in See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria . Beyond this the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for the completion of the collection does not carry us . (W . R . S.) But there is absolutely no See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for supposing that when the See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben Sira reached Egypt the Psalter had been translated into Greek for any considerable time . Indeed it is at least equally probable that it was the See also:

• RECENT

recent translation of some of the poetical books of the Old Testament which fired him with a See also:

• DESIRE

desire to translate his grandfather's book, and perhaps add the See also:

• WORK

work of a member of the See also:

• FAMILY

family to the Bible of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian Jews . It appears indeed from i Chron. xvi., 2 Chron. vi . 41, 42, that various psalms belonging to books IV. and V. were current in the time of the Chronicler .

Unfortunately however it is impossible to date the book of See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles with certainty . The See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument that the Chronicler must have been contemporary with the last persons named in his book is by no means convincing and on the other hand his See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the Temple services, in which he seems to be describing the Temple of his own days, harmonizes far better with a date at the end of the third, or even in the second, See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. than with the close of the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian or the beginning of the Greek See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . For the impression which we get from See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah's See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs is that in his days the community at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem was in the main poverty-stricken, while See also:

• MALACHI

Malachi's exhortations to the people to pay their dues to the priests implies that in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the fifth century B.C. the Temple was by no means wealthy . But in the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and freedom of the 3rd century B.C. the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Jerusalem was greatly ameliorated . See also:

• WEALTH

Wealth accumulated to such a degree that See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon the son of Oniah was enabled practically to rebuild the Temple, and to maintain its services with a grandeur of ritual which they had probably never known before . It must be admitted that the gorgeousness of ritual described by the Chronicler is far more in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with the days of Simon than with any previous See also:

• POST

post-exilic period . How late the Chronicler wrote cannot perhaps be determined; but it is, at all events, impossible to prove that the author of Ecclesiasticus was acquainted with his work . Ben Sira indeed in his See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of worthies mentions Zerubbabel, See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua and Nehemiah; but Zerubbabel and Joshua he must have known from the books of See also:

• HAGGAI

Haggai and See also:

• ZECHARIAH

Zechariah, and he may well have been acquainted with that document See also:

• RELATING

relating to Nehemiah which the Chronicler incorporated with his book . Ben Sira's omission of the name of Ezra rather militates against the supposition that he had the Chronicler's book before him when he wrote . The conflict between Saduceeism and the sopherir was hardly so intense in his days as to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant the supposition that he omitted the name of Ezra intentionally . Moreover, it is not certain that the psalms that the Chronicler quotes (xcvi., cv., cvi., cxxxii.) 1 The text of the passage is obscure and in part corrupt, but the Latin " cum multum temporis ibi fuissem " probably expresses the 1 This must be understood of the whole collection as completed, author's meaning . A friend has written to the author that for ovyXpovteas we ought perhaps to read svxvov yxpoviaas .