See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)  , a false or invented name, particularly the fictitious name under which an author produces his See also:

• WORK

work in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to conceal his identity . The same end is gained by publication without any name, i.e. anonymously (Gr. avwvuµos, without a name) . The See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• WORKS

works thus produced either without the author's name or under a fictitious name is known as See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous and pseudonymous literature, and many books have been published affording a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to the identity of the various writers, forming an important See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of bibliography . Though Fredericus Geisler published a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the subject entitled Larva detracla, &c., in 1669, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early work was that of See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent Placcius (1642-1699) whose Theatrum anonymouum et pseudonymorum was published in 1708, edited by L . F . See also:

• VISCHER
• VISCHER, FRIEDRICH THEODOR (1807-1887)

Vischer with a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface and See also:

• LIFE

life by J . A . See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius; supplements were published in 1711 and in 1740 . The next important work, only a fragment of the purposed See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, was that of Adrien See also:

• BAILLET, ADRIEN (1649-1706)

Baillet (q.v.), under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Auteurs deguises sous See also:

• LES

les noms strangers, &c . (169o) . See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre See also:

• BARBIER, ANTOINE ALEXANDRE (1765–1825)
• BARBIER, HENRI AUGUSTE (1805-1882)
• BARBIER, LOUIS

Barbier (q.v.) published his See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard work Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes in 1806-1809 (2nd ed., 1822-1827) . This was followed by the Supercheries litteraires devoilees of J .

M . See also:

• QUERARD, JOSEPH MARIE (1797-1865)

Querard (q.v.) . The third edition of Barbier's work, embodying Querard and much new See also:

• MATTER

matter, was published in 1872-1879 . This was edited by P . Gustave See also:

• BRUNET, JACQUES CHARLES (178o-1867)

Brunet, who published a supplement in 1889 . Other works in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French are those of C . Jolliet, Les Pseudonymes du jour (1867 and 1884), and F . Drujon, Livres a clef (1888) . Of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German works in this See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of bibliography the See also:

• INDEX

Index pseudonymorum, Worlerbuch der Pseudonymen of Emil Weller appeared in 1856, of which several supplements were published later . The most monumental of all works are the Deutsches Anonymen-Lexikon, 1501-1850, by M . Holzmann and H . Bohatta (1902-1907), supplement, 1851-1908 (1909), and the Deutsches Pseudonymen-Lexikon, by the same authors (1906) .

See also F . Sintenis, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Pseudonyme der neueren deutschen Litteratur (1899), and the supplementary See also:

• VOLUME

volume (1909), to Meyers's Konversations-Lexikon (6th ed.) . The chief See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian work is the Dizionario di opere anonime e pseudonime di scrittori italiani, by G . Melzi (1848-1859), with supplement by G . Passano (1887) . The Dutch Vermomde en naamlooze schrijvers . . . der Nederl. en Vlaamschen letteren, by J . I. See also:

• VAN

van Doorninck (1883-1885), was a second edition of an earlier work . The See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala is See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing, under the editorship of L . Bygden, a See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• DICTIONARY

dictionary Svenskt anonym och See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym lexikon (1898), &c . See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England was See also:

• LATE

late in entering the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . The first work actually published was the Handbook of Fictitious Names, by R .

See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas (Olphar Hamst) (1868) . See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• HALKETT, HUGH, FREIHERR VON (1783-1863)

Halkett, and the successor to his compilations, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON (1793–1826)
• LAING, DAVID (1793–1878)
• LAING, MALCOLM (1762-1818)
• LAING, SAMUEL (1810-1897)

Laing, both died before their work was published; edited and revised by See also:

• MISS

Miss C . Laing it appeared in 1882-1888 in 4 vols. as the Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, by S . Halkett and J . Laing . This remains the standard work on the subject in See also:

• ENGLISH

English . Other works are W . See also:

• CUSHING, CALEB (1800-1879)
• CUSHING, WILLIAM BARKER (1842–1874)

Cushing, See also:

• INITIALS (Lat. initialis, of or belonging to a beginning, initium)

Initials and Pseudonyms (See also:

• AMERICAN

American and English from the beginning of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century); 2nd See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series (1886, 1888), and Anonyms (189o) ; F . See also:

• MARCHMONT, EARLS OF

Marchmont, A Concise Handbook of Literature issued under Pseudonyms or Initials (1896); see also especially W . P . See also:

• COURTNEY, LEONARD HENRY COURTNEY, BARON

Courtney, The Secrets of our See also:

• NATIONAL

National Literature (1908), the first See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of which contains a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the subject, to which the above See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account is mainly due . The anonymous and pseudonymous Latin literature of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages has been treated in See also:

• MODERN

modern times by A .

See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin, Dictionnaire des noms, latins 1100—7530 (1875), and A . G . Little, Initia operum latinorum saec . 13-15 (1904) . PSEUDO-See also:

• PERIPTERAL (Gr. irepi, round, and 7rTep6v, a wing)

PERIPTERAL (Gr. llieuii7s, false, vrepi, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, irrepbv, a wing), a See also:

• TERM

term in See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture given to a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple in which the columns surrounding the naos have had walls built between them, so that they become engaged columns, as in the great temple at See also:

• AGRIGENTUM (Gr. 'Arcpayas, mod. Girgenti (q.v.))

Agrigentum . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman temples, in order to increase the See also:

• SIZE

size of the See also:

• CELLA

cella, the columns on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and at the See also:

• REAR

rear became engaged columns, the See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico only having isolated columns .