PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)  , a false or invented name, particularly the fictitious name under which an author produces his work in order to conceal his identity . The same end is gained by publication without any name, i.e. anonymously (Gr. avwvuµos, without a name) . The body of works thus produced either without the author's name or under a fictitious name is known as anonymous and pseudonymous literature, and many books have been published affording a key to the identity of the various writers, forming an important section of bibliography . Though Fredericus Geisler published a short treatise on the subject entitled Larva detracla, &c., in 1669, the chief early work was that of Vincent Placcius (1642-1699) whose Theatrum anonymouum et pseudonymorum was published in 1708, edited by L . F . Vischer with a preface and life by J . A . Fabricius; supplements were published in 1711 and in 1740 . The next important work, only a fragment of the purposed scheme, was that of Adrien Baillet (q.v.), under the title of Auteurs deguises sous les noms strangers, &c . (169o) . Antoine Alexandre Barbier (q.v.) published his standard work Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes in 1806-1809 (2nd ed., 1822-1827) . This was followed by the Supercheries litteraires devoilees of J .

M .

Querard (q.v.) . The third edition of Barbier's work, embodying Querard and much new matter, was published in 1872-1879 . This was edited by P . Gustave Brunet, who published a supplement in 1889 . Other works in French are those of C . Jolliet, Les Pseudonymes du jour (1867 and 1884), and F . Drujon, Livres a clef (1888) . Of German works in this sphere of bibliography the Index pseudonymorum, Worlerbuch der Pseudonymen of Emil Weller appeared in 1856, of which several supplements were published later . The most monumental of all works are the Deutsches Anonymen-Lexikon, 1501-1850, by M . Holzmann and H . Bohatta (1902-1907), supplement, 1851-1908 (1909), and the Deutsches Pseudonymen-Lexikon, by the same authors (1906) .

See also F . Sintenis,

Die Pseudonyme der neueren deutschen Litteratur (1899), and the supplementary volume (1909), to Meyers's Konversations-Lexikon (6th ed.) . The chief Italian work is the Dizionario di opere anonime e pseudonime di scrittori italiani, by G . Melzi (1848-1859), with supplement by G . Passano (1887) . The Dutch Vermomde en naamlooze schrijvers . . . der Nederl. en Vlaamschen letteren, by J . I. van Doorninck (1883-1885), was a second edition of an earlier work . The Academy of Upsala is publishing, under the editorship of L . Bygden, a Swedish dictionary Svenskt anonym och pseudonym lexikon (1898), &c . England was late in entering the field . The first work actually published was the Handbook of Fictitious Names, by R .

Thomas (Olphar Hamst) (1868) . Samuel Halkett, and the successor to his compilations, John Laing, both died before their work was published; edited and revised by Miss C . Laing it appeared in 1882-1888 in 4 vols. as the Dictionary of the Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great Britain, by S . Halkett and J . Laing . This remains the standard work on the subject in English . Other works are W . Cushing, Initials and Pseudonyms (American and English from the beginning of the 18th century); 2nd series (1886, 1888), and Anonyms (189o) ; F . Marchmont, A Concise Handbook of Literature issued under Pseudonyms or Initials (1896); see also especially W . P . Courtney, The Secrets of our National Literature (1908), the first chapter of which contains a sketch of the history of the subject, to which the above account is mainly due . The anonymous and pseudonymous Latin literature of the middle ages has been treated in modern times by A .

Franklin, Dictionnaire des noms, latins 1100—7530 (1875), and A . G . Little, Initia operum latinorum saec . 13-15 (1904) . PSEUDO-PERIPTERAL (Gr. llieuii7s, false, vrepi, round, irrepbv, a wing), a term in architecture given to a temple in which the columns surrounding the naos have had walls built between them, so that they become engaged columns, as in the great temple at Agrigentum . In Roman temples, in order to increase the size of the cella, the columns on either side and at the rear became engaged columns, the portico only having isolated columns .