See also:

• PTERODACTYLES (Gr. for wing-fingers)

PTERODACTYLES (Gr. for wing-fingers)  , an See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of flying See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles, variously known as Pterosauria (Gr. for wing-lizards) or Ornithosauria (Gr. for See also:

• BIRD

bird-lizards), whose remains occur in all Mesozoic formations from the See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• LIAS

Lias to the Upper Cretaceous inclusive . Their bones are of very See also:

• LIGHT

light, though strong construction, and hollow like those of flying birds, with well-fitting articulations, quite different from those of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary reptiles . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is large and remarkably bird-like in shape, while it is fixed on the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck at the same See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle as in birds . The See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain is small, but resembles that of birds in its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general conformation . The See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk is relatively small, with few slender ribs and a keeled breastbone (sternum) . The fore-limbs are always a pair of wings, the fifth See also:

• DIGIT (Lat. digit us, finger)

digit or " little " See also:

• FINGER

finger being enormously elongated for the support of a smooth flying membrane (seen in specimens from the lithographic See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria) . The wings are thus constructed on the same See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan as those of a See also:

• BAT

bat, but instead of four fingers, only one is elongated to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the membrane . The See also:

• HIND

hind-limbs are comparatively feeble, and must have been of very little use for walking . The remains of See also:

• PTERODACTYLES (Gr. for wing-fingers)

pterodactyles are found chiefly in marine deposits, so that these reptiles must have frequented the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-lines . They probably fed partly on See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, partly on See also:

• INSECTS

insects; but no traces of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food have hitherto been observed within the fossil skeletons . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest satisfactorily known member of the See also:

• GROUP

group is Dimorphodon from the Lower Lias of See also:

• DORSETSHIRE (DORSET)

Dorsetshire . The typical See also:

• SPECIES

species has a See also:

• SKULL

skull about 20 centim. in length, with large See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth in front, smaller teeth behind: its tail is much elongated and slender .

Equally See also:

• FINE

fine skeletons of Campylognaehus have been found in the Upper Lias of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg . Other See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-tailed pterodactyles occur well preserved in the Upper See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic (lithographic stone) of Bavaria and Wurttemberg, which is so fine-grained as to show impressions of the wing-membrane . In Rhamphorhynchus there is also a rhomboidal expansion of membrane at the end of the tail . The See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-tailed Pterodactylus itself, sometimes no larger than a See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow, is also found in the same formation . It was originally described by Collini in 1784 as an unknown See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, and its true nature was first deter-See also:

• MINED

mined by See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier in 1809, when he named it " Pterodactyle." The Pterosaurians of the Cretaceous See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, just before their extinction both in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America, were of enormous See also:

• SIZE

size, and some became toothless . A pair of wings of the toothless Pteranodon from the See also:

• CHALK

Chalk of See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas, now in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, See also:

• MEASURES

measures about five and a See also:

• HALF

half metres in span . Fragments of equally large pterodactyles with teeth are found in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Chalk . See H . G . See also:

• SEELEY
• SEELEY, SIR JOHN ROBERT (1834–1895)

Seeley, The Ornithosauria (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 187o) and Dragons of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1901) ; S . W . Williston, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in Kansas University Quarterly (1897), v1 .

35; G . F . See also:

• EATON, DORMAN BRIDGMAN (1823-1899)
• EATON, MARGARET
• EATON, THEOPHILUS (c. 15go-1658)
• EATON, WILLIAM (1764-1811)
• EATON, WYATT (1849-1896)

Eaton, papers in Amer . Journ . See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science (1903-1904), 4th See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, vols. xvi., xvii . (A . S .