See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

PTOLEMY V  . Epiphanes reigned 204-181), son of Philopator and See also:

• ARSINOE

Arsinoe, was not more than. five years old when he came to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, and under a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of regents the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom was paralysed . See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus III. and See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V. of See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia made a compact to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the Ptolemaic possessions overseas . Philip seized several islands and places in See also:

• CARIA

Caria and See also:

• THRACE

Thrace, whilst the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Panium (198) definitely transferred See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine from the See also:

• PTOLEMIES

Ptolemies to the Seleucids . Antiochus after this concluded See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, giving his own daughter See also:

• CLEOPATRA

Cleopatra to Epiphanes to wife (193-192) . Nevertheless, when See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out between Antiochus and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt ranged itself with the latter See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Epiphanes in manhood was chiefly remarkable as a passionate sportsman; he excelled in athletic exercises and the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase . See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and perfidy were displayed in the suppression of the native See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, and some accounts represent him as personally tyrannical . The See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder of his two sons, See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

PTOLEMY VI . Philometor (181-145), succeeded as an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant under the regency of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother Cleopatra . Her See also:

• DEATH

death was followed by a rupture between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid courts, on the old question of Palestine . Antiochus IV .

Epiphanes invaded Egypt (170) and captured Philometor . The Alexandrians then put his younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother PTOLEMY VII . Euergetes II . (afterwards nicknamed Physkon, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his bloated See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance) upon the throne . Antiochus professed to support Philometor, but, when he withdrew, the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers agreed to be See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings with their See also:

• SISTER

sister Cleopatra as See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen and wife of Philometor . Antiochus again invaded Egypt (168), but was compelled by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman intervention to retire . . The See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double kingship led to quarrels between the two brothers in which fresh appeals were continually made to Rome . In 163 the See also:

• CYRENAICA

Cyrenaica was assigned under Roman See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration to Euergetes as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate kingdom . As he coveted See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus as well, the See also:

• FEUD

feud still went on, Rome. continuing to interfere diplomatically but not effectively . In 154 Euergetes invaded Cyprus but was defeated and captured by Philometor . He found his brother, however, willing to See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon and was allowed to return as See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king to See also:

• CYRENE [mod. Ain Shahat-Grenna]

Cyrene . In 152 Philometor joined the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition against the Seleucid king See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius I. and was the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent in his destruction .

The protege of the coalition, See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Balas, married Philometor's daughter Cleopatra (Thea), and reigned in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria in See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical subservience to him . But in 147 Philometor broke with him and transferred his support, together with the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Cleopatra, to Demetrius II., the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young son of Demetrius I . He himself at See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch was entreated by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people to assume the Seleucid diadem, but he declined and installed Demetrius as king . In 145 in the battle on the Oenoparas near Antioch, in which Alexander Balas was finally defeated, Philometor received a mortal See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound . Philometor was perhaps the best of the Ptolemies . Kindly and reasonable, his See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good nature seems sometimes to have verged on indolence, but he at any See also:

• RATE

rate took See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• PART

part, and that bravely and successfully, in war . Philometor's infant son, Ptolemy Philopator Neos (?)1, was proclaimed king in See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria under the regency of his mother Cleopatra . Euergetes however, swooping from Cyrene, seized the throne and married Cleopatra, making away with his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew . He has See also:

• LEFT

left an odious picture of himself in the historians—a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man untouched by benefits or natural See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection, delighting in deeds of See also:

• BLOOD

blood, his See also:

• BODY

body as loathsome in its blown See also:

• CORPULENCE (Lat. corpus, body), or OBESITY (Lat. ob, against, and edere, to eat)

corpulence as his soul . Something must be allowed for ?he rhetorical See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of our authorities, but that Euergetes was ready enough to See also:

• SHED

shed blood when policy required seems true . He soon found a more agreeable wife than Cleopatra in her daughter Cleopatra, and thenceforth antagonism between the two queens, the " sister " and the " wife," was chronic . In 130-1 Cleopatra succeeded in See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving Euergetes for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to Cyprus, when he revenged himself by murdering the son whom she had See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne him (surnamed Memphites) .

Massacres inflicted upon the Alexandrians and the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the representatives of Hellenic culture are laid to his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument and papyri show him a liberal See also:

• PATRON

patron of, the native See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and a considerable See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator . In fact, while hated by the Greeks, he seems to have had the steady support of the native See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . But there are also records which show him, not as an enemy, but a friend, like his ancestors, to See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek culture . He himself published the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of his studies and travels in a voluminous collection of notebooks, in which he showed a lively See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye for the oddities of his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow kings . The old Ptolemaic See also:

• REALM

realm was never again a unity after the death of Euergetes II . By his will he left the Cyrenaica as a separate kingdom to his illegitimate son Ptolemy See also:

• APION

Apion (116-96), whilst Egypt and Cyprus were bequeathed to Cleopatra (Kokke) and whichever of his two sons by her, PTOLEMY VIII . Soler II . (nicknamed Lathyros) and PTOLEMY IX . Alexander I., she might choose as her See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate . The result was, of course, a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of domestic strife . From 116 to 1o8 See also:

• SOTER

Soter reigned with his mother, and at enmity with her, in Egypt, whilst her favourite son, Alexander, ruled Cyprus .

Cleopatra compelled Soter to See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce his sister-wife Cleopatra and marry another sister, Selene . Cleopatra plunged into the broils of 1 Or, according to another view, Eupator . On the obscure questions raised by these two surnames, see L . Pareti, Ricerche sui Tolemei Eupatore e Neo Filopatore (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, I9o8).the Seleucid See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in Syria and perished . In ro8 Cleopatra Kokke called Alexander to Egypt, and Soter flying to Cyprus took his brother's See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and held the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island against his mother's forces . The attempts which Soter and Cleopatra respectively made in 104-3 to obtain a predominance in Palestine came to nothing . Alexander now shook off his mother's, yoke and married Soter's daughter See also:

• BERENICE
• BERENICE, or BERNICE

Berenice . Cleopatra Kokke died in for and from then till 89 Alexander reigned alone in Egypt . In 89 he was expelled by a popular uprising and perished the following See also:

• YEAR

year in a See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-fight with the Alexandrian See also:

• SHIPS

ships off Cyprus . Soter was recalled (88) and reigned over Egypt and Cyprus, now reunited, in association with his daughter Berenice . This, his second, reign in Egypt (88-8o), was marked by, a native rebellion which issued in the destruction of See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes . On his death Berenice assumed the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but the son of Alexander I., PTOLEMY X .

Alexander II., entering Alexandria under Roman patronage, married, and within twenty days assassinated, his elderly See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin and stepmother . He was at once killed by the enraged people and with him the Ptolemaic See also:

• FAMILY

family in the legitimate male See also:

• LINE

line became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . Ptolemy Apion meanwhile, dying in 96, had bequeathed the Cyrenaica to Rome . The Alexandrian people now See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose an illegitimate son of Soter II. to be their king, PTOLEMY XI . Philopator Philadelphus Neos See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus, nicknamed Auletes, the See also:

• FLUTE

flute-player (8o-51), setting his brother as king in Cyprus . The rights of these kings were doubtful, not only because of their illegitimate See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, but because it was claimed in Rome that Alexander II. had bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman people . Two Seleucid princes, See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of Soter's sister Selene, appeared in Rome in 73 to urge their claim to the Ptolemaic throne . Ptolemy Auletes was thus obliged to spend his reign in buying the support of the men in power in Rome . Cyprus was annexed by Rome in 58, its king committing See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide . From 58 to 55 Auletes was in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, driven out by popular hatred, and worked by See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery and See also:

• MURDER

murder in Rome to get himself restored to Roman power . His daughter Berenice meanwhile reigned in Alexandria, a See also:

• HUSBAND

husband being found for her in the Pontic See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• ARCHELAUS

Archelaus . In 55 Auletes was restored by the proconsul of Syria, Aulus See also:

• GABINIUS, AULUS

Gabinius .

He killed Berenice and, dying in 51, bequeathed the kingdom to his eldest son, aged ten years, who was to take as wife his sister Cleopatra, aged seventeen . In the reign of PTOLEMY XII . Philopator (51-47) and Cleopatra Philopator, See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• HISTORY

history coalesces with the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general history of the Roman See also:

• WORLD

world, owing to the murder of See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey off See also:

• PELUSIUM

Pelusium in 48 and the Alexandrine War of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar (48-47) . In that war the young king perished and a still younger brother, PTOLEMY XIII . Philopator, was associated with Cleopatra till 44, when he died, probably by Cleopatra's contriving . From then till her death in 3o, her son, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 47, and asserted by Cleopatra to be the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of Julius Caesar, was associated officially with her as PTOLEMY XIV . Philopator Philometor Caesar; he was known popularly as Caesarion . (For the incidents of Cleopatra's reign see CLEOPATRA, ARSINOE.) After her death in 30 and Caesarion's murder Egypt was made a Roman See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . Cleopatra's daughter by Antony (Cleopatra Selene) was married in 25 to See also:

• JUBA
• JUBA, or JUB

Juba II. of See also:

• MAURETANIA

Mauretania . Their son Ptolemy, who succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father (A.D . 23-40), left no issue.2 See See also:

• MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND (1839- )

Mahaffy, The See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire of tke Ptolemies (1895) and Egypt under the Ptolemaic See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

Dynasty (1899); Strack, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Dynastie der Ptolemaer (1897); Bouche-Leclercq, Histoire See also:

• DES

des Lagides (1904, 1907); See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Das Heerwesen der Ptolemaer and Romer (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1900) . (E .

R .