See also:

• SAMUEL

SAMUEL See also:

• SAMUEL PUFENDORF (1632-1694)

PUFENDORF (1632-1694)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German jurist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CHEMNITZ
• CHEMNITZ (or KEMNITZ), MARTIN (1522-1586)

Chemnitz, See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, on the 8th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1632 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a Lutheran pastor, and he himself was destined for the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry . Educated at See also:

• GRIMMA

Grimma, he was sent to study See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology at the university of See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig . Its narrow and dogmatic teaching was profoundly repugnant to him, and he soon abandoned it for the study of public See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . He went so far as to quit Leipzig altogether, and betook himself to See also:

• JENA

Jena, where he formed an intimate friendship with Erhard Weigel the mathematician, whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence helped to develop his remarkable See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . See also:

• PUFENDORF, SAMUEL (1632-1694)

Pufendorf quitted Jena in 1637 and became a See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Petrus See also:

• JULIUS

Julius Coyet, one of the See also:

• RESIDENT

resident ministers of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Gustavus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Charles Gustavus was endeavouring to impose upon See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark a burdensome See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, and in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the negotiations he brutally opened hostilities . The anger of the Danes was turned against the envoys of the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign; Coyet, it is true, succeeded in escaping, but the second See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, See also:

• STENO, NICOLAUS (1631-1686)

Steno Bjelke, and the whole See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite were arrested and thrown into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . Pufendorf shared this misfortune, and was subjected to a strict captivity of eight months' duration . He occupied himself during this time in meditating upon what he had read in the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius and See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes . He mentally constructed a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of universal law; and, when, at the end of his captivity, he accompanied his pupils, the sons of Coyet, to the university of See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, he was enabled to publish, in 1661, the fruits of his reflections under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Elementa jurisprudentiae universalis, libri duo . The See also:

• WORK

work was dedicated to Charles See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, elector See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine, who created for Pufendorf at See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg a new See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair, that of the law of nature and nations, the first of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in the See also:

• WORLD

world .

In 1667 he wrote, with the assent of the elector palatine, a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, De statu imperii germanici, See also:

• LIBER

liber onus . Published under the See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover of a See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva in 1667, it was supposed to be addressed by a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman of See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona, See also:

• SEVERINUS

Severinus de Monzambano, to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• LAELIUS

Laelius . The pamphlet made a See also:

• GREAT

great sensation . Its author directly arraigned the organization of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire and exposed its feebleness, denounced in no measured terms the faults of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, and attacked with remarkable vigour the politics of the ecclesiastical princes . Before Pufendorf, Philipp Bogislaw von Chemnitz, publicist and soldier, had written, under the pseudonym of " See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus a Lapide," De ratione status in imperio nostro romano-germanico . Inimical, like Pufendorf, to the house of Austria, Chemnitz had gone so far as to make an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and Sweden . Pufendorf, on the contrary, rejected all See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign intervention, and advocated that of See also:

• NATIONAL

national initiative . In 167o Pufendorf was called to the university of See also:

• LUND
• LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- )

Lund . His sojourn there was fruitful . In 1672 appeared the De jure naturae et gentium, libri octo, and in 1695 a resume of it under the title of De officio hominis et civis . In the De jure naturae et gentium Pufendorf took up in great measure the theories of Grotius and sought to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete them by means of the doctrines of Hobbes and of his own ideas . His first important point was that natural law does not extend beyond the limits of this See also:

• LIFE

life and that it confines itself to regulating See also:

• EXTERNAL

external acts .

He combated Hobbes's conception of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of nature and concluded that the state of nature is not one of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war but of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . But this peace is feeble and insecure, and if something else does not come to its aid it can do very little for the preservation of mankind . As regards public law Pufendorf, while recognizing in the state (civitas) a moral See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person (persona moralis), teaches that the will of the state is but the sum of the individual See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

wills that constitute it, and that this association explains the state . In this a priori conception, in which he scarcely gives See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical insight, he shows himself as one of the precursors of J . J . See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau and of the Contrat social . Pufendorf powerfully defends the idea that See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international law is not restricted to Christendom, but constitutes a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond between all nations because all nations See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• PART

part of humanity . In 1677 Pufendorf was called to See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm as historiographer-royal . To this new See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period belong Einleitung zur historic der vornehmsten Reiche and Staaten, also the Commentarium de See also:

• REBUS (Lat. rebus, " by things ")

rebus suecicis, libri XX VI., ab expedition Gustavi Adolphi regis in Germaniam ad abdicationem usque Christinae and De rebus a Carolo Gustavo gestis . In his historical works Pufendorf is hopelessly dry; but he professes a great respect for truth and generally draws from archives . In his De habitu religionis christianae ad vitam civilem he traces the limits between ecclesiastical and See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . This work propounded for the first PUFF-See also:

• BIRD

BIRD 635 time the so-called " collegial " theory of See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government (Kollegialsystem), which, See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed later by the learned Lutheran theologian Christoph Mathaus See also:

• PFAFF, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1765–1825)

Pfaff (1686-176o), formed the basis of the relations of church and state in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and more especially in See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia .

This theory makes a fundamental distinction between the supreme See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction in ecclesiastical matters (Kirchenhoheit or See also:

• JUS

jus circa sacra), which it conceives as inherent in the power of the state in respect of every religious communion, and the ecclesiastical power (Kirchengewalt or jus in sacra) inherent in the church, but in some cases vested in the state by tacit or expressed consent of the ecclesiastical See also:

• BODY

body . The theory was of importance because, by distinguishing church from state while preserving the essential supremacy of the latter, it prepared the way for the principle of See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration . It was put into practice to a certain extent in Prussia in the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; but it was not till the See also:

• POLITICAL

political changes of the 19th century led to a great mixture of confessions under the various state governments that it found universal See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance in Germany . The theory, of course, has found no acceptance in the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church, but it none the less made it possible for the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant governments to make a working See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise with See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in respect of the Catholic Church established in their states . In 1688 Pufendorf was called to the service of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, elector of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg . He accepted the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call, but he had no sooner arrived than the elector died . His son Frederick III. fulfilled the promises of his father; and Pufendorf, historiographer and privy councillor, was instructed to write a See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Elector Frederick William (De rebus gestis Frederici Wilhelmi Magni) . The king of Sweden did not on this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account cease to testify his See also:

• GOODWILL

goodwill towards Pufendorf, and in 1694 he created him a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year, on the 26th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, Pufendorf died at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and was buried in the church of St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, where an inscription to his memory is still to be seen . Pufendorf was at once philosopher, lawyer, economist, historian and statesman . His influence was considerable, and he has See also:

• LEFT

left a profound impression on thought, and not on that of Germany alone . But the value of his work was much under-estimated by posterity .

Much of the responsibility for this injustice rested with See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz, who would never recognize the incontestable greatness of one who was constantly his adversary, and whom he dismissed as " vir parum jurisconsultus et minime philosophus." It was on the subject of the pamphlet of Severinus de Monzambano that their See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel began . The conservative and timid Leibnitz was beaten on the battlefield of politics and public law, and the aggressive spirit of Pufendorf aggravated yet more the dispute, and so widened the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . From that time the two writers could never meet on a common subject without attacking each other . See H. von See also:

• TREITSCHKE, HEINRICH VON (1834-1896)

Treitschke, " See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel von Pufendorf," Preussische Jahrbucher (1875), See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 614, and See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 61; See also:

• BLUNTSCHLI, JOHANN KASPAR (18o8—1881)

Bluntschli, Deutsches Staats-Worterbuch, viii . 424, and Geschichte See also:

• DES

des allgemeinen Stastsrechts and der Politik, p . Io8; Lorimer, The Institutes of the Law of Nations, i . 74; See also:

• DROYSEN, JOHANN GUSTAV (1808—1884)

Droysen, " Zur Kritik Pufendorfs," in his 74; Droysen, Kritik fenor in his Abhan lungen zur neueren Geschichte; See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher, Geschichte der National-Oekonomik in Deutschland, p . 304; See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin, Das deutsche Reich nach Severinus von Monzambano . PUFF-See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

BALL, in See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, the common name for a genus of See also:

• FUNGI (p1. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom)

fungi (known botanically as Lycoperdon), and so called because of the See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud of See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown dust-like spores which are emitted when the mature plant bursts . They are common in meadows and See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and on heaths or lawns, and when See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young resemble See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white balls, sometimes with a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stalk, and are fleshy in texture .

If cut across in this state, they show a compact rind enclosing a loose See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue, in the interspaces of which the spores are developed; as the fungus matures it changes to yellowish-brown and brown and when ripe the rind tears at the See also:

• APEX

apex and the spores See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape through the See also:

• APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

aperture when any pressure is applied to the ball . When white and fleshy the fungus is edible . The' fibrous See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass which remains after the spores have escaped has been used for See also:

• TINDER (O. Eng. tyndre, from tindan, tendan, to kindle, cf. Dan. tonder, Ger. anzunden)

tinder or as a styptic for wounds . The See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant puff-ball, Lycoperdon giganteum, reaches a See also:

• FOOT

foot or more in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . PUFF-BIRD, the name first given, according to W . Swainson (Zool . Illustrations, 1st See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, vol. ii., See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text to pl . 99), by See also:

• ENGLISH

English residents in See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil to a See also:

• GROUP

group of birds now placed in the sub-family Bucconinae, which with the Galbulinae or jacamars form the family Galbulidae of Coraciiform birds See also:

• STANDING

standing between the trogons (q.v.) and barbets, for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time confounded, under the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general name of barbets, with the Capitonidae of See also:

• MODERN

modern systematists . Each group has formed the subject of an elaborate monograph—the Capitonidae being treated by C . H . T. and G . F .

L . See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall (See also:

• LONDON

London, 187o-1871), and the Bucconidae by P . L . Sclater (London, 1879–1882) . The Bucconidae are zygodactylous birds confined to the neotropical region, in the middle parts of which, and especially in its sub-Andean sub-region, they are, as regards See also:

• SPECIES

species, abundant; while only two seem to reach See also:

• GUATEMALA (sometimes incorrectly written GUATIMALA)
• GUATEMALA, or GUATEMALA LA NUEVA (i.e. " New Guatemala," sometimes written Nueva Guatemala, and formerly Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala)

Guatemala and but one See also:

• PARAGUAY

Paraguay . As with most See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American birds, the habits and natural history of the Bucconidae have been but little studied, and of only one species, which happens to belong to a rather abnormal genus, has the See also:

• NIDIFICATION (from Lat. nidus)

nidification been described . This is the Chelidoptera tenebrosa, which is said to breed in holes in See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, and to See also:

• LAY

lay white eggs much like those of the See also:

• KINGFISHER (Ger.' Konigsfischer; Walloon Roi-peheux= pecheur)

kingfisher and consequently those of the jacamars . From his own observation Swainson writes (loc. cit.) that puff-birds are very See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . They will sit nearly motionless for See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours on the dead bough of a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, and while so sitting " the disproportionate See also:

• SIZE

size of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is rendered more conspicuous by the bird raising its feathers so as to appear not unlike a puff-ball . . . . When frightened their form is suddenly changed by the feathers lying quite See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat." They are very confiding birds and will often station themselves a few yards only from a window . The Bucconidae almost without exception are very plainly-coloured, and the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority have a spotted or mottled plumage suggestive of immaturity .

The first puff-bird known to Europeans seems to have been that described by G. de L . Marcgrav, under the name of " tamatia," by which it is said to have been called in Brazil, and there is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to think that his description and figure—the last, comic as it is in outline and expression, having been copied by F . See also:

• WILLUGHBY, FRANCIS (1635—1672)

Willughby and many of the older authors—apply to the Bucco maculatus of modern See also:

• ORNITHOLOGY

ornithology—a bird placed by M . J . See also:

• BRISSON, EUGENE HENRI (1835– )
• BRISSON, MATHURIN JACQUES (1723-1806)

Brisson (Ornithologie, iv . 524) among the kingfishers . But if so, Marcgrav described and figured the same species twice, since his " Matuitui " is also Brisson's " See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin-pescheur tachete du Bresil." P . L . Sclater divides the family into, 7 genera, of which Bucco is the largest and contains 20 species . The others are Malacoptila and Monacha, each with 7, Nonnula with 5, Chelidoptera with 2, and Micromonacha and Hapaloptila with r species each . The most showy puff-birds are those of the genus Monacha, with an inky-See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black plumage, usually diversified by white about the head, and a red or yellow See also:

• BILL

bill .