See also:

• PUGILISM (from Lat. pugil, boxer, Gr. 76E, with clenched fist)

PUGILISM (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. pugil, boxer, Gr. 76E, with clenched fist)  , the practice or See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport of fighting with the fists . The first mention of such fighting in literature is found in the 23rd See also:

• BOOK

book of the Iliad, and shows that in See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• ART

art was already highly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . The occasion was the See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games at the funeral of Patroclus, the champions engaged being Epeus, the builder of the wooden See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, and Euryalus . Each combatant seems to have been naked except for a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt, and to have worn the cestus . The fight ends with the defeat of Euryalus . According to See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil (Aeneid, v.) similar games took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place within the walls of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy at the funeral of See also:

• HECTOR

Hector, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal boxers being Dares, the winner, and the gigantic Butex, a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Amycus, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, the Trojan See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion, abstaining from the contests . Further on we find the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the games on the occasion of the funeral of See also:

• ANCHISES

Anchises, in the course of which Dares, the Trojan, receiving no See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to his See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge from the Sicilians, who stood aghast at his mighty proportions, claims the See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize; but, just as it is about to be awarded him, Entellus, an aged but huge and sinewy Sicilian, arises and casts into the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena as a sign of his See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of the combat the massive See also:

• CESTI

cesti, all stained with See also:

• BLOOD

blood and brains, which he has inherited from See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Eryx, his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in the art of See also:

• BOXING (M.E. box, a blow, probably from Dan. bask, a buffet)

boxing . The Trojans are now appalled in their turn, and Dares, aghast at the fearful implements, re-fused the See also:

• BATTLE

battle, which, however, is at length begun after See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas has furnished the heroes with equally matched cesti . For some time the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young and lusty Dares circles about his gigantic but old and stiff opponent, upon whom he rains a torrent of blows which are avoided by the See also:

• CLEVER

clever guarding and dodging of the Sicilian See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero . At last Entellus, having got his opponent into a favourable position, raises his tremendous right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand on high and aims a terrible See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at the Trojan's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; but the wary Dares deftly steps aside, and Entellus, missing his adversary altogether, falls headlong by the impetus of his own blow, with a See also:

• CRASH

crash like that of a falling See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine . Shouts of mingled exultation and dismay break from the multitude, and the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of the aged Sicilian See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush forward to raise their fallen champion and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear him from the arena; but, greatly to the astonishment of all, Entellus motions them away and returns to the fight more keenly than before . The old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's blood is stirred, and he attacks his youthful enemy with such furious and headlong rushes, buffeting him grievously with both hands, that Aeneas puts an end to the battle, though barely in time to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the discomfited Trojan from being beaten into insensibility .

Although fist-fighting was supposed by the Greeks of the classic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period to have been a feature of the mythological games at See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia, it was not actually introduced into the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical Olympic contests until the 23rd See also:

• OLYMPIAD

Olympiad after the re-estab- the Olympic games in the 38th Olympiad, was a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of lishment of the famous games by Iphitus (about 88o B.C.) . Onomastos was the , first Olympic See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

victor . In heroic times the boxers are supposed to have worn the N/.ta, or belt, but in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek games the contestants, except for the cestus, fought entirely naked, since the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom had been introduced in the 15th Olympiad, and was copied by the contestants at the Pythian, Nemean, Isthmian and Panathenaic games (see GAMES, CLASSICAL) . At Olympia the boxers were rubbed with oil to make them supple and limit the flow of See also:

• PERSPIRATION (Lat. per, through, and spirare, to breathe)

perspiration, a pre-caution the more necessary as the Olympic games were held during the hottest See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• YEAR

year . The cesti, of which there were several varieties, were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound on the boxers' hands and wrists by attendants or teachers acting as seconds . On account cf the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the gloves worn, the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of boxing differed from that now in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue (see BoxING), the See also:

• MODERN

modern straight-from-theshoulder blow having been little used . Both Homer and Virgil speak of " falling blows," and this was the See also:

• COMMON

common method of attack, consisting more in swinging and hammering than in punching . The statue of a Greek boxer in the Louvre shows the right See also:

• FOOT

foot forward, the See also:

• LEFT

left hand raised as if to See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward off a blow from above, and the right hand held opposite the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, the whole attitude more resembling that of a See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior with See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword and See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield than of a modern boxer . The pugilists of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, who were in many cases Greeks and employed Greek methods, exaggerated the brutality of the fist-fight to please the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, and the sanguinary contest between Dares and Entellus,, described above, although in some respects an See also:

• ANACHRONISM (from ava, back, and xpovor, time)

anachronism as an account of a pugilistic battle in See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive times, was doubt-less an exact portrayal of the encounters to be seen in Virgil's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the circuses of Rome . Nevertheless it must not be under-stood that the boxing matches at the Greek games were not themselves severe to the point of brutality, in spite of the fact that style and See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement were sedulously taught by the masters of the time . The Greek champions trained for months before the games, but encounters between athletes armed with such terrible weapons as the loaded cestus were bound to result in very serious bruises and even disfigurement . See also:

• PLUCK

Pluck was as highly thought of as at the See also:

• PRESENT

present day, and it was related of a certain Eurydamas that, when his See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth were battered in, he swallowed them rather than show that he was hurt, whereupon his antagonist, in despair at seeing his most furious blows devoid of effect, gave up the battle .

As, on account of the swinging style of blows, the ears were particularly liable to injury See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear-protectors (aµc/wrt&es) were generally used in practice, though not in serious combats . The so-called " pancratist's ear," swollen and mis-shapen, was a characteristic feature of the Greek boxer . The satirists of the time flung their grim jests at the champion bruisers . See also:

• LUCILIUS, GAIUS (c. 18o–ro3 B.C.)

Lucilius See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing of a Greek boxer of See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria (Anthologia epigrammatum graecorum), says, " See also:

• AULOS (Gr. abXos; Lat. tibia; Egyptian hieroglyphic, Ma-it ; medieval equivalents, shalm, chalumeau, schalmei, hautbois)

Aulos, the pugilist, consecrates to the See also:

• GOD

God of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa all the bones of his cranium, gathering up one by one . Let him but return alive from the Nemean Games, 0 mighty See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter, and he will also offer thee, without doubt, the vertebrae of his See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, which is all he has left ! " The rules of Greek boxing were strict . No See also:

• WRESTLING (O. Eng. wrcestlian)

wrestling, grappling, kicking nor biting were allowed, and the contest ended when one combatant owned himself beaten . On this account See also:

• PUGILISM (from Lat. pugil, boxer, Gr. 76E, with clenched fist)

pugilism and the pancratium (see below) were forbidden by See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus, lest the Spartans should become accustomed to an See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of defeat (See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, Lycurgus) . In spite of the terrible injuries which often resulted from these See also:

• CON

con-tests it was strictly forbidden to kill an adversary, on See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain of losing the prize . See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes, See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina, See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia and Ells produced most of the Olympic victors in boxing, which was considered as an excellent training for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . According to See also:

• LUCAN

Lucan (Anach . 3) See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon recommended it for pedagogic purposes, and the contest with the sphairai, or studded cesti, was added by See also:

• PLATO

Plato to his See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of warlike exercises as being the nearest approach to actual battle .

The Greek athletic contest called pancratium (aa-yxp&Tiov, See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, or all-See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, contest). which was introduced into boxing and wrestling in which the contestants, who fought naked, not wearing even the cestus, were allowed to employ any means except biting to wring from each other the acknowledgment of defeat . Boxing, wrestling, kicking, dislocation of See also:

• JOINTS

joints, breaking of bones, pulling of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and strangling were freely indulged in . The fight began with sparring for openings and was continued on the ground when the contestants See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell . Many pancratists excelled in obtaining See also:

• QUICK

quick holds of their opponents' fingers, which they crushed and dislocated so completely that all effective opposition ceased . Sudden attacks resulting in the dislocation of an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm or See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg were also taught, reminding one of the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese jiu-jitsu . The pancratium was considered by the Greeks the greatest of all athletic contests and, needless to say, only the most powerful athletes attempted it . It. became popular in Rome during the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire and remained so until the time of Justinian . See also:

• DIAGORAS

Diagoras of Rhodes, his three sons and many grandsons, who were sung by See also:

• PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar (Olymp . 7), were the most celebrated of the Olympic boxing champions . One of the sons, Dorieus, was three times victorious at Olympia in the pancratium, and during his career won eight Olympian, eight Isthmian, seven Nemean and one of the Pythian prizes . Many famous champions also came from the Greek colonies, like the Locrian Euthymus, who conquered three times at Olympia . Another celebrated fighter and wrestler was See also:

• MILO
• MILO, TITUS ANNIUS

Milo of See also:

• CROTONA, CROTO

Crotona (520 B.c.) .

Boxing was evidently in vogue in very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, imported, in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, from See also:

• GREECE

Greece, for See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy (i . 35) relates that, at the first celebration of the See also:

• GREAT

great Roman games (ludi, roman magnique varie appellati) by Tarquinius See also:

• PRISCUS

Priscus (6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C.), boxers were brought from outlying provinces; and there was an old tradition that a school of pugilism flourished in Etruria in heroic times . During the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic' boxing was cultivated as a gentlemanly exercise, and we find See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder giving his son instruction in the art (Plutarch, Cato See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major) . See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus (See also:

• ANN

Ann. xvi . 3) says that the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Caligula imported the best Campanian and See also:

• AFRICAN

African pugilists for the gladiatorial games, and See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (iii . 3) records that the Lusitanians and also the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, who gave "virgins as prizes, boxed . The art remained popular in Italy down to a See also:

• LATE

late peribd of the Empire . From the fall of the Roman Empire to the beginning of the 19th century pugilism seems to have been unknown among civilized nations with the single exception of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English . The first references to boxing in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as a See also:

• REGULAR

regular sport. occur towards the end of the 17th century, but little mention is made of it before the time of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I., when " prize-fighters " engaged in public encounters for See also:

• MONEY

money, with the backsword, falchion, See also:

• FOIL

foil, See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter-See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff and single-stick, and, to a less extent, with See also:

• BARE

bare fists, the last gradually gaining in popularity with the decline of See also:

• FENCING

fencing . The most celebrated of these fighters and the one who is generally considered to have been the first champion of England, fighting with the bare fists, was See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Figg, who was supreme from 1719 to 1730 . Figg was succeeded by Pipes and Gretting, both of whom made way in 1734 for See also:

• JACK

Jack See also:

• BROUGHTON, HUGH (1549-1612)
• BROUGHTON, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, BARON (1786-1869)

Broughton, who built the See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre for public displays near See also:

• TOTTENHAM

Tottenham See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court Road and who was undisputed champion until 1750 . Broughton seems to have been a man of intelligence, and to him is ascribed the scientific development of the art of boxing .

During his time the sport became truly See also:

• NATIONAL

national and the prize-fighter the See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion of the greatest in the See also:

• LAND

land . Among Broughton's successors were Slack, " Big See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben " See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

Brain, See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza (a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew who flourished about 1790 and was the proprietor of the See also:

• LYCEUM

Lyceum in the Strand), J . See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson, Tom Cribb, Jem See also:

• BELCHER, SIR EDWARD (1799-1877)

Belcher, See also:

• PEARCE, CHARLES SPRAGUE (1851– )

Pearce (called the " See also:

• GAME

Game Chicken"), and See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• GULLY, JOHN (1783-1863)

Gully, who afterwards represented See also:

• PONTEFRACT (pronounced and sometimes written " Pomfret ")

Pontefract in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament . To Broughton is ascribed the invention of boxing-gloves for use in practice . All prize-fights, however, took place with bare knuckles in roped-off spaces called rings, usually in the open See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . Pugilists toughened their hands by " pickling " them in a powerful astringent See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution . A fight ended when one of the " bruisers," as they were called, was unable to " come to the scratch," i.e. the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, at the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of the See also:

• REFEREE

referee at the beginning of a new round . Each round ended when one fighter fell or was knocked or thrown to the ground, but a pugilist " going down to avoid See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment," i.e. without being struck by the opponent, was liable to forfeit the fight . Wrestling played an important role in the old prize-ring, and a favourite method of weakening an adversary was to throw him heavily and then fall upon him, seemingly by See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident, as the manoeuvre, if done intentionally, was foul . The fighting was of the roughest description, See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low tricks of all kinds being practised when the referee's See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was diverted, gouging out an adversary's See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye being by no means unknown . Until 1795 pugilists wore See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long hair, but during a fight in that year Jackson caught Mendoza by his long locks and held him down helpless while he See also:

• HIT

hit him . This was adjudged See also:

• FAIR

fair by the referee, with the result that prize-fighters have ever since cropped their head .

Nevertheless there were rules which no fighter dared to overstep, such as those against kicking, hitting below the belt, and striking a man when he had fallen . From the time of Cribb the English champions were Tom See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring (1824), Jem Ward (1825), Jem See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke (1833), W . See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson, called "See also:

• BENDIGO (formerly SANDHURST)

Bendigo" (1839-'845), Ben Caunt (1841), W . See also:

• PERRY
• PERRY (from Fr. Moire, from poire, a pear)
• PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH (1794–1858)
• PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (1785-1819)

Perry, the " See also:

• TIPTON

Tipton Slasher " (1850), Harry See also:

• BROOME, WILLIAM (1689-1745)

Broome (1851), Tom See also:

• SAYERS, TOM (1826–1865)

Sayers (18J7-1860), Jem See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

Mace (1861-'863), Tom King (1863), and again Mace, until '872 . In See also:

• AMERICA

America boxing began to be popular about the beginning of the 19th century . The first recognized national champion was Tom Hyer (1841-1848), who was followed by James See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose (See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland), called " See also:

• YANKEE

Yankee See also:

• SULLIVAN, JOHN (1740–1795)
• SULLIVAN, SIR ARTHUR SEYMOUR (1842—1900)
• SULLIVAN, THOMAS BARRY (1824-1891)

Sullivan "; John Morrissey (afterwards elected to the See also:

• UNITED

United States See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress); John C . Heenan; Tom See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen (of England) ; Jem Mace (of England) ; J . Kilrain; John .L . Sullivan (1880-1891); J . J . Corbett (1892-'897); See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Fitzsimmons (1897-1900) (born in See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall); James J . Jeffries .

The defeat of the last named by the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro Jack See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson in 1910 caused a great sensation . What is still the most celebrated prize-fight of modern times took place at See also:

• FARNBOROUGH
• FARNBOROUGH, THOMAS ERSKINE MAY, BARON (1815-1886)

Farnborough in See also:

• APRIL

April 1860, between Tom Sayers and the huge youthful See also:

• AMERICAN

American pugilist J . C . Heenan, the " Benicia Boy," who had been defeated in America by Morrissey, but had succeeded to the championship upon the latter's retirement . The English champion was a much smaller and lighter man than his challenger, a fact which increased the popular See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the fight .. Although the See also:

• LOCAL

local English authorities endeavoured to prevent it taking place, Heenan complaining that he had " been chased out of eight counties," the ring at Farnborough was surrounded by a See also:

• COMPANY

company containing representatives of the highest classes, and the exaggerated statement was made that ` Parliament had been emptied to patronize a prize-fight." The battle lasted for 2 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours and 20 minutes, during which Heenan, owing to his superiority in weight and reach, seemed to have the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, although nearly blinded by Sayers's hard straight punches . During one of the opening rounds a tendon in Sayers's right forearm was ruptured in guarding, and he fought the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the battle with a pluck which roused the See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of the spectators . Heenan had neglected to harden his hands properly, with the result that they soon swelled to unnatural proportions, rendering his blows no more effective than if he had worn boxing-gloves . Nevertheless towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the fight Heenan repeatedly threw Sayers violently, and held him on the See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes enclosing the ring, which, just as the See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police interfered, were cut by persons who asserted that Heenan was on the point of strangling Sayers . In spite of the indecisive outcome of the battle both fighters claimed the victory, but the match was officially adjudged a draw . This was the last great prize-fight with bare fists on English See also:

• SOIL

soil, as public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was aroused, and orders were given to the police thenceforth to regard prize-fights as illegal, as tending to a " See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace." Several surreptitious prize-fights did indeed occur within a. few years after the Sayers-Heenan battle; but more than once, notably in the fight between Heenan and Tom King, one of the participantswas " doctored," i.e. drugged, and this lack of fairplay, added to the brutality of fist-fights, gave the See also:

• DEATH

death-blow to pugilism of the old See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . In its place came fighting and boxing with padded gloves, small ones weighing about 4 oz. being used by professionals, while amateurs, who boxed and sparred rather than fought (see BoxrNG), made use of larger and softer gloves .

An added impetus was given to boxing as well as pugilism in '866 by the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of the " See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

Amateur Athletic See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club " by John C . See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

Chambers, who, assisted by the See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• QUEENSBERRY, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Queensberry, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up the See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of rules for competitions still in vogue and called after that nobleman, who, in '867, presented cups for the amateur championships at the different weights . These rules prohibit all rough and unfair fighting, as well as wrestling, and See also:

• DIVIDE

divide a match into rounds of three (or two) minutes each, with See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute rest between the rounds . It is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of agreement in professional battles whether in " breaking away" after a clinch blows may be struck or not . When a contestant is knocked down (a man on one See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee is technically down) he is allowed ten seconds, usually counted aloud by the referee, in which to rise and renew the fight . Should he be unable to do so he is " counted out " and loses the match . See Fistiana (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1868) ; American Fistiana (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1876); See also:

• EGAN, PIERCE (1772-1849)

Egan, Boxiana (London, 1818-1824); Fencing, Boxing and Wrestling, in the See also:

• BADMINTON, or GREAT BADMINTON

Badminton Library (London, '889); R . G . A . Winn, Boxing, Isthmian Library (London, 1897) .