See also:

• PURGATORY (Late Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)

PURGATORY (See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)  , according to See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic faith, a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of suffering after See also:

• DEATH

death in which the souls of those who See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die in venial See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin, and of those who still owe some See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt of temporal See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for mortal sin, are rendered See also:

• FIT

fit to enter See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven . It is believed that such souls continue to be members of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ; that they are helped by the suffrages of the living—that is, by prayers, See also:

• ALMS

alms and other See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• WORKS

works, and more especially by the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass; and that, although delayed until " the last See also:

• FARTHING (A.S. Jeortha, fourth, ring, diminutive)

farthing is paid," their salvation is assured . Catholics support this See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine chiefly by reference to the Jewish belief in the efficacy of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer for the dead (2 Macc. xii . 42 seq.), the tradition of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Christians, and the authority of the Church . See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus regards as heretical the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that the souls of the departed pass immediately into See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory; See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian, the Acts of St Perpetua, See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil, See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of Nyassa, See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose, See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom and See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, all speak of prayer for the dead and seem to imply belief in a See also:

• PURGATORY (Late Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)

purgatory, but their view seems to have been affected by the pre-See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian doctrine of Hades or Sheol . Some of the Greeks, notably See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen, See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach that even the perfect must go through See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in the next See also:

• WORLD

world . See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine writes (De VIII . Dulcatii quaeslionibus) that " it is not incredible " that imperfect souls will be " saved by some purgatorial fire," to which they will be subjected for varying lengths of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time according to their needs; but in other passages he expresses conflicting opinions (De civitate, )o . 25, xxi . 13, 26; Enchiridion, 69) . Gregory the See also:

• GREAT

Great was the first to formulate the doctrine in See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express terms, " de quibusdam levibus culpis esse ante judicium purgatorius ignis credendus est" (See also:

• DIAL

Dial. iv . 39) .

Thenceforth it became See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology of the Western Church, and was definitely affirmed at the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons (1274), See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence (1439) and See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent . Concerning the word purgatory, See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent IV. writes: " Forasmuch as (the Greeks) say that this See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification is not indicated by their doctors by an appropriate and accurate word, we will, in accordance with the tradition and authority of the See also:

• HOLY

holy fathers, that henceforth it be called purgatorium, for in this temporary fire are cleansed not deadly See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital sins, which must be remitted by See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance, but those lesser venial sins which, if not removed in See also:

• LIFE

life, afflict men after death." Many points about purgatory, on which the Church has no See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition, have been subjects of much See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation among Catholics . , Purgatory, for example, is usually thought of as having some position in space, and as being distinct from heaven and See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell; but any theory as to its exact See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude and See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude, such as underlies See also:

• DANTE

Dante's description, must be regarded as imaginative . Most theologians since See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas and See also:

• BONAVENTURA, SAINT (JOHN OF FIDANZA)

Bonaventura have taught that the souls in purgatory are tormented by material fire, but the Greeks have never accepted this opinion . It must be inferred from the whole practice of indulgences as at See also:

• PRESENT

present authorized that the pains of purgatory are measurable by years and days; but here also everything is indefinite . The See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of Trent, while it commands all bishops to teach " the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound doctrine of purgatory handed down by the See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable fathers and sacred councils," bids them exclude from popular addresses all the " more difficult and subtle questions See also:

• RELATING

relating to the subject which do not tend to edification." The Eastern Church affirms belief in an intermediate state after death, but the belief is otherwise as vague as the expressions of the pre-Nicene fathers on the subject . An authoritative statement of the present Eastern doctrine is to be found in the Longer See also:

• CATECHISM (from Gr. Karnxeiv, teach by word of mouth)

Catechism of the Orthodox Church (Q . 376) : " Such souls as have departed with faith but without having had time to bring forth fruits meet for repentance may be aided towards the attainment of a blessed resurrection by prayers offered in their behalf, especially such as are offered in See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with the See also:

• OBLATION

oblation of the bloodless sacrifice of the See also:

• BODY

Body and See also:

• BLOOD

Blood of Christ, and by works of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy done in faith for their memory." The efficacy of prayers for the dead, and indirectly the doctrine of purgatory, were denied by early Gnostic sects, by Aerius in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and by the Waldenses, Cathari, Albigenses and See also:

• LOLLARDS

Lollards in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Protestants, with the exception of a small minority in the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican communion, unanimously reject the doctrine of purgatory, and affirm that " the souls of believers are at their death made perfect in holiness and do immediately pass into glory." Rejection of an inter-mediate state after death follows the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification by faith as logically as the doctrine of purgatory results from the Catholic idea of justification by works . An See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy to purgatory can be traced in most religions . Thus the fundamental ideas of a middle state after death and of a purification preparatory to perfect blessedness are met with in Zoroaster, who takes souls through twelve stages before they are sufficiently purified to enter heaven; and the See also:

• STOICS

Stoics conceived of a middle place of enlightenment which they called Fp r6pcuris . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal authoritative statements of the Catholic Church on the doctrine of purgatory were made at the Council of Florence (Decret. unionis), and at that of Trent (Sess. vi. can .

30; Sess. xxii., c . 2, can . 3; Sess. See also:

• XXV

xxv.) . See H . J . D . Denziger's Enchiridion; J . Bautz, Das Fegfeuer (See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, 1883); and L . Redner, Das Fegfeuer (See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, 1856) . A very elaborate See also:

• TREATISE

treatise from the Catholic standpoint is that of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• BELLARMINE (Ital. Bellarmino), ROBERTO FRANCESCO ROMOLO (1542-1621)

Bellarmine, De purgatorio . The subject is discussed, moreover, in all See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major works on dogmatic theology . There is a representative Catholic statement by Hence in the Kirchenlexikon under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " Fegfeuer," and ed., vol .

4, See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 1284–1296; and a corresponding Protestant presentation by Rud . Hoff See also:

• MANN, HORACE (1796-1859)

mann in Hauck's Realencyklopadie, 3rd ed. vol. v. pp . 788-792 . (C . H .