See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

ALEXANDER See also:

• ALEXANDER PUSHKIN (1799-1837)

PUSHKIN (1799-1837)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, on the 7th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1799 . He belonged to an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FAMILY

family of boyars; his maternal See also:

• GREAT

great-grandfather, a favourite See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro ennobled by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Great, bequeathed to him See also:

• CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and a somewhat darker complexion than falls to the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary Russian . In 1811 the future poet entered the newly founded See also:

• LYCEUM

lyceum of Tsarskoe Selo, situated near St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg . On quitting the lyceum in 1817 he was attached to the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs, and in this See also:

• YEAR

year he began the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of his Ruslan and Ly'udmila, a poem which was completed in 1820 . Meanwhile See also:

• PUSHKIN, ALEXANDER (1799-1837)

Pushkin mixed in all the gayest society of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and it seemed as if he would turn out a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion instead of a poet . But a very daring See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

Ode to See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

Liberty written by him had been circulated in See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript in St Petersburg . This See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production having been brought to the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young author only escaped a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia by accepting an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official position at See also:

• KISHINEV (Kishlanow of the Moldavians)

Kishinev in See also:

• BESSARABIA

Bessarabia, in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . If we follow the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of his poems, we can trace the See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm with which he greeted the ever-changing prospects of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and the regions of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube and the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Pushkin was, or affected to be, overpowered by the Byronic " Weltschmerz." Having visited the See also:

• BATHS

baths of the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus for the re-See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of his See also:

• HEALTH

health in 1822, he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration of its magnificent scenery, and composed The Prisoner of the Caucasus, narrating the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the love of a Circassian girl for a youthful Russian officer . This was followed by the See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

Fountain of Bakhchisarai, which tells of the detention of a young See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive, a Countess Potocka, in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the khans of the Crimea . About the same time he composed some interesting lines on See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid, whose See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of banishment, Tomi, was not far distant . To this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period belongs also the Ode to See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, which is inferior to the See also:

• FINE

fine poems of See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron and See also:

• MANZONI, ALESSANDRO FRANCESCO TOMMASO ANTONIO (1785-1873)

Manzoni, or indeed of See also:

• LERMONTOV, MIKHAIL YUREVICH (1814–1841)

Lermontov, on the same subject .

In the See also:

• LAY

Lay concerning the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise See also:

• OLEG (?-912)

Oleg we see how the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• KARAMZIN, NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH (1765-1826)

Karamzin's See also:

• HISTORY

History had led the Russians to take a greater See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early records of their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The next See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long poem was the See also:

• GIPSIES, or GYPSIES

Gipsies (Tzuigani), an See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of love and vengeance, in which Pushkin has admirably delineated these nomads, whose See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange mode of See also:

• LIFE

life fascinated him . During his stay in southern Russia he allowed himself to get mixed up with the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies then rife throughout the country . He also became embroiled with his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Vorontzov, who sent him to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report upon the See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages which had been committed by locustsin the southern See also:

• PART

part of Bessarabia . Pushkin took this as a premeditated insult, and sent in his resignation; and Count Vorontzov in his official report requested the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to remove the poet, " as he was surrounded by a society of See also:

• POLITICAL

political and See also:

• LITERARY

literary fanatics, whose praises might turn his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and make him believe that he was a great writer, whereas he was only a feeble imitator of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Byron, an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original not much to be commended." The poet quitted See also:

• ODESSA

Odessa in 1824, and on leaving wrote a fine Ode to the Sea . Before the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the year he had returned to his See also:

• FATHER

father's seat at Mikhailovskoe, near See also:

• PSKOV

Pskov, where he soon involved himself in trouble on all sides . In his retirement he devoted a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of time to the study of the old Russian popular See also:

• POETRY

poetry, the builinas, of which he became a great admirer . Recollections of Byron and See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre See also:

• CHENIER
• CHENIER, ANDRE DE (1762-1794)

Chenier gave the inspiration to some fine lines consecrated to the latter, in which Pushkin appeared more conservative than was his wont, and wrote in a spirit antagonistic to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution . In 1825 he published his tragedy Boris Godunov, a bold effort to imitate the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare . Up to this time the traditions of the Russian See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, such as it was, had been French . In 1825 the See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of the Dekabrists See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out . Many of the conspirators were See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of Pushkin, especially Kuchelbecker and Pustchin .

The poet himself was to a certain extent compromised, but he succeeded in getting to his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at Mikhailovskoe and burning all the papers which might have been prejudicial to him . Through influential friends he succeeded in making his See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, to whom he was presented at Moscow soon after his See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation . The story goes that See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas said to Count Bludov on the same evening, " I have just been conversing with the most witty man in Russia." In 1828 appeared See also:

• POLTAVA

Poltava, a spirited narrative poem, in which the expedition of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XII. against Peter and the treachery of the See also:

• HETMAN

hetman Mazeppa were described . In 1829 Pushkin again visited the Caucasus, on this occasion accompanying the expedition of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• PASKEVICH, IVAN FEDOROVICH (1782-1856)

Paskevich . He wrote a pleasing See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the tour; many of the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short lyrical pieces suggested by the scenery and associations of his visit are delightful, especially the lines on the See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don and the Caucasus . In 1831 Pushkin married Natalia See also:

• GONCHAROV, IVAN ALEXANDROVICH (1812-1891)

Goncharov, and in the following year was again attached to the ministry of foreign affairs, with a See also:

• SALARY

salary of 5000 roubles . He now busied himself with an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical account of the revolt of the Cossack See also:

• PUGACHEV

Pugachev, who almost overthrew the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine and was executed at Moscow in the latter part of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . While engaged upon this he wrote The See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain's Daughter, one of the best of his See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• WORKS

works . In 1832 was completed the poem See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene Onyegin, in which the author modelled his style upon the lighter sketches of Byron in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian manner . Yet no one can accuse Pushkin of want of nationalism in this poem: it is Russian in every fibre . In 1837 the poet, who had been long growing in literary reputation, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell mortally wounded in a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel with See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Heckeren d'Anthes, the adopted son of the Dutch See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister then See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of St Petersburg . D'Anthes, a vain and frivolous young man, had married a See also:

• SISTER

sister of the poet's wife .

Notwithstanding this he aroused Pushkin's See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy by some attentions which he paid Natalia; but the grounds for the poet's anger, it must be confessed, do not appear very great . Pushkin died, after two days' suffering, on the afternoon of See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . D'Anthes was tried. by court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial and expelled the country . In 188o a statue of the poet was erected at the See also:

• TVER

Tver Barrier at Moscow, and fetes were held in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, on which occasion many interesting memorials of him were exhibited to his admiring countrymen and a few foreigners who had congregated for the festivities . Pushkin See also:

• LEFT

left four See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children; his widow was afterwards married to an officer in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, named Lanskoi; she died in 1863 . Pushkin's poetical tales are spirited and full of dramatic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The influence of Byron is undoubtedly seen in them, but they are not imitations, still less is anything in them plagiarized . Boris Godunov is a fine tragedy; on the whole Eugene Onyegin must be considered Pushkin's masterpiece . Here we have a great variety of styles—See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire, pathos and See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour mixed together . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character-See also:

• PAINTING

painting is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and the descriptions of scenery introduced faithful to nature . The poem in many places reminds us of Byron, who himself in his mixture of the pathetic and the humorous was a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of the Italian school . Pushkin also wrote a great many lyrical pieces .

Interspersed among the poet's See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor works will be found many epigrams, but some of the best composed by him were not so fortunate as to pass the censorship, and must be read in a supplementary See also:

• VOLUME

volume published at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . As a prose writer Pushkin has considerable merits . Besides his History of the Revolt of Pugachev, which is perhaps too much of a compilation, he published a small volume of tales under the nom de plume of See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan Byelkin . These all show considerable dramatic power: the best are The Captain's Daughter, a tale of the times of Catherine II.; The Undertaker, a very ghostly story, which will remind the See also:

• ENGLISH

English reader of some of the tales of See also:

• EDGAR (EADGAR)
• EDGAR, or EADGAR (c. 1050-c. 1130)

Edgar See also:

• POE, EDGAR ALLAN (18og-1849)

Poe; The See also:

• PISTOL

Pistol Shot; and The See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen of Spades . The See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of St Petersburg has recently issued a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of the works of Pushkin, including his letters . See the bibliography in the See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of Gennadi (7 vols., St Petersburg, 1861) and Annenkov (6 vols., St Petersburg, 1855) . (W . R .