See also:

• PYGMY, or PIGMY (Gr. avy,uavos, from avypij, a Greek measure of length corresponding to " the distance between the elbow and knuckles " of a man of average size)

PYGMY, or PIGMY (Gr. avy,uavos, from avypij, a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek measure of length corresponding to " the distance between the See also:

• ELBOW

elbow and knuckles " of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• SIZE

size)  , a See also:

• TERM

term for a diminutive human being . We owe the word to See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer, who in the Iliad (iii . 6) uses it to describe a See also:

• RACE

race of tiny folk dwelling in a far See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• LAND

land, whither the See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly when inclement winters and piercing frosts visit the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern shores . Fierce battles were often mentioned by later writers as occurring between the pygmies and cranes, and were even represented on their vases . On these the pygmies were depicted as dwarfs with large heads, See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro features, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close, See also:

• CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, and sometimes armed with lances . See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle firmly believed in the existence of these pygmies, whom he characterized as a race of men of small stature inhabiting the marshes of upper See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt towards the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile . That their existence was a See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• COMMON

common knowledge and See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation is indicated by the fact that See also:

• PHILOSTRATUS

Philostratus describes the sleeping See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules beset by swarms of pygmies . See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (ii . 32), relying apparently on See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, describes graphically how a party of five Nasamonians, while journeying through the See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• DESERT

desert, came at last to a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain where See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-trees See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew . While gathering the fruit they were seized by some dwarfish men of See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange speech, who led them across See also:

• FOREST

forest marshes to a See also:

• TOWN

town, where dwelt See also:

• PEOPLE

people of a similar See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and near which a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RIVER

river flowed from See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east containing crocodiles . This river was probably the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger, and the people referred to were no doubt the ancestors of the existing pygmies of See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Representations of these pygmies have been found sculptured on the tombs at Sakkarah, which are referred to the Vth See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

Dynasty of Egypt, 3366 B.C .

The pygmies depicted in bas-See also:

• RELIEF

relief on these tombs faithfully reproduce the racial characteristics of the See also:

• PRESENT

present race of pygmies inhabiting the Ituri and Semliki forests . They no doubt served in the households of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, and figured both in Egyptian and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman triumphs . Various writers have localized pygmies in different portions of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's See also:

• SURFACE

surface . See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny makes mention of dwarfed races in both See also:

• ASIA

Asia and Africa . Reference is made to the Catizi dwarfs in See also:

• THRACE

Thrace, and to a similar race dwelling in See also:

• CARIA

Caria . See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias, a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century after Herodotus, wrote of a race of pygmies in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, describing them as See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and ugly, and only two pygmai in height . The See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese author, Chao Fu-Kua, in the beginning of the 13th century, described a tribe of black pygmies dwelling in the Philippine Islands; in the See also:

• DEPTH

depth of the valleys there lived, he said, a tribe of men called See also:

• HAI (939-1038)

Hai-tan, small in See also:

• SIZE

size, with See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, yellow eyes, curly hair, and with the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth showing through their lips . These were no doubt the ancestors of the present Aetas . See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

Relics of a See also:

• PYGMY, or PIGMY (Gr. avy,uavos, from avypij, a Greek measure of length corresponding to " the distance between the elbow and knuckles " of a man of average size)

pygmy race are supposed to exist now in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily and See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, i.e. along the high road between See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene Africa and See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . Near See also:

• SCHAFFHAUSEN
• SCHAFFHAUSEN (Fr. Schaffhouse)

Schaffhausen, Dr Kollman found skeletal remains of small human beings, which have been regarded by some authorities as belonging to the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European pygmies of the See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

Neolithic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Some anthropologists of authority; indeed—in spite of the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of definite data in support of such a view—believe that a See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf See also:

• NEGROID

negroid race at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time existed in northern Europe, and may have given rise to the traditional tales of elves, goblins, See also:

• GNOMES (Fr. gnomes, Ger. Gnomen)

gnomes and fairies . At the present time the existing pygmy races may be sub-divided into two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups or sub-races: (a) the African pygmies (Negrilloes), (b) the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic pygmies (Negritoes) .

a . The African pygmies are dispersed over a large See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone extending right across equatorial Africa, from See also:

• UGANDA

Uganda to the Gaboon, the width of this zone being about six degrees, i.e. three degrees See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator . In Uganda they are now principally confined to a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of forest lying to the east and west of the Semliki River, though many centuries ago these forest dwarfs must have been the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal inhabitants of the whole of the Uganda See also:

• PROTECTORATE

Protectorate . They are much more abundant in the forests of the Belgian See also:

• CONGO

Congo, being found as far south as the range of the See also:

• ANGOLA

Angola, and to the north and north-west as far as the See also:

• BAHR

Bahr-el-Ghazal and the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Cameroons . They are also found in the interior of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Congo and in the Gaboon . They comprise the Akkas (Tiky-Tiky) of the upper Nile, and of the Niam-Niam See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; the Wambutti (Mbuti, Mambute, See also:

• BAMBUTE (sometimes incorrectly called BATWA)

Bambute) of the great Ituri forest, and the Batua (Watwa) living to the south of the great See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of the Congo river . In the vast forest See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract lying between the region of the great lakes and the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean there are other scattered tribes of pygmies differing in no essential particulars from these, and severally known as Afiffi (of the Momfu country); Obongo, See also:

• WOCHUA (Aci;ua.)

Wochua, Akua, Achango (of the French Congo), Ba-Bengaye (of Sanga), Boyaeli and Bayago (of the Cameroons) . Negrilloes have also been noted outside these limits, e.g. in the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the upper See also:

• KASAI, or CASSAI

Kasai, as far east as See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• TANGANYIKA (a name said by V. L. Cameron to signify a " mixing-place ")

Tanganyika, and even to the north of Lakes See also:

• STEFANIE

Stefanie and See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf in See also:

• BRITISH

British East Africa . There has been considerable mixture of the Negrilloes with the neighbouring See also:

• BANTU

Bantu peoples, e.g . Adumas, &c . b . The See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the Asiatic pygmies is mainly Oceanic .

The following are the three principal tribes . (i) The Aetas (See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip-See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine Islands) . The name Aetas " is derived from the See also:

• MALAY

Malay word hitam, meaning black . These little folk dwell in small groups in the interior of Luzon See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, and are to be met with also in the islands of Mindoro, Panay and Negros, and in the north-east of Mindanoa . The See also:

• TOTAL

total number of Philippine Negritoes is about 20,000 . (2) The Andamanese (Andaman Islands) . These live in isolated groups of fifty to eighty persons . They appear to be dying out, and in 1891 numbered less than 4000 . The term Mincopis has sometimes been applied to these Negritoes . (3) The See also:

• SAKAI

Sakai (interior of the Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula) . Some of these Malay Negritoes are also known as Semangs, Menik, Sen-oi and Jembe . They live for the most See also:

• PART

part in small groups of from two to three families .

In the Ulu-Papung See also:

• DISTRICT

district alone the pure Negritoes in 1890 numbered over 5000 . There is much mixture, however, with the surrounding Malay See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . Thus the Mintra and Jakhuns are Sakai-Malay See also:

• CROSS

cross-breeds . In Malacca the Pangyans of See also:

• KELANTAN

Kelantan and Petani and the neighbouring Tumiors are pure Negritoes, while the Belendas are probably cross-breeds . Some anthropologists believe that the Sakas of the islands on the north-east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra are also derived from Negritoes . A See also:

• GROUP

group of Negritoes—the Karons—has also been discovered in a small See also:

• AREA

area in the north-west coast of New See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea.' Here also there are Negrito-Papuan cross-breeds . There is much diversity of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to whether the recently See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct Kalangs of See also:

• JAVA

Java—in some respects the most See also:

• APE (Old Eng. ape; Dutch aap; Old Ger. a ffo; Welsh epa; Old Bohemian op; a word of uncertain origin, possibly an imitation of the animal's chatter)

ape-like of all human beings—did or did not belong to the true Negrito race . There seems little doubt that at one time the Negrito See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element was fairly widespread throughout Malaysia, though there is no See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence in support of de Quatrefages's contention that the Negrito race once inhabited a vast domain in Indo-oceanic Asia, extending from New Guinea up to the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf, and from the Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago to See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . The Malay Peninsula, and possibly some parts of India, are the only portions of the Asiatic mainland where traces of a distinct negroid substratum have been discovered . A passing reference may here be made to the See also:

• BUSHMEN, or BOSJESMANS

Bushmen of South Africa, whose See also:

• AVERAGE

average height (4 ft . 8 in.) approximates to that of the true pygmies . Some authorities believe that there is a distinct ethnical relationship between the Negrilloes and the Bushmen, though in many respects the forest pygmies seem more closely allied to the West African Bantu negroes than to the Bushmen-Hottentot group .

See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Elliot-See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith is, indeed, of opinion the pygmies of Central Africa are essentially dwarfed negroes . See also:

• SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST (1836– )

Schweinfurth, who rediscovered the See also:

• AKKA (TIKKI-TI%II)

Akka pygmies of equatorial Africa, believed that they and the Bushmen of South Africa were the remnants of the aboriginal population of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, now becoming extinct . The Bushmen have totally different characteristics from the true pygmies . The See also:

• STEATOPYGIA (Gr. oriap, fat, irvyit rump)

steatopygia, the See also:

• DOLICHOCEPHALIC (long-headed)

dolichocephalic cranium, the See also:

• LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic

lozenge-shaped See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face with its deep wrinkles, the high protruding cheek-bones, the narrow oblique eyes, the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar speech with its marvellous " clicks," the fawn-yellow skin, the absence of downy hair on the See also:

• BODY

body, and other characteristics of the Bushmen, sharply differentiate them from the true forest pygmies . See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

Consideration of the distribution and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general characteristics of the existing pygmy races—Negrilloes and Negritoes—has induced many anthropologists to conclude that we are dealing with the but little modified descendants of an extremely See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient race—the ancestors possibly of all the negro tribes . See also:

• SIR

Sir W . H . See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

Flower himself, as far back as 188o, stated that he was inclined to regard the Negritoes as representing an infantile, undeveloped, or See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the type from which the African negroes on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and the Asiatic Melanesians on the other, with all their various modifications, may have sprung . If this view be correct, it seems probable that the members of the pygmy races are the existing human beings which most closely resemble primitive See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . On the other hand, there are those who regard I In The Times of See also:

• JUNE

June 3, 191o, was reported a See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, made by an expedition organized by the British Ornithologists' See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, of a tribe of pygmy people (probably Negritoes) in the great See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow mountains of Dutch New Guinea, at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of about 2000 ft . The average height of these pygmies is about 4 ft . 3 .in.the pygmies as a See also:

• RETROGRADE (from the Lat. retro, backwards, gradiri, to go)

retrograde and degenerative type of the negru race and therefore of comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent growth .

Though the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of evidence seems in favour of the former See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, the question must still be regarded as sub judice . The first hypothesis would certainly go far to explain the present distribution of the pygmy races . If we regard, as many authorities do, the Indo-African continent, submerged in comparatively, recent See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological times by the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean, as being the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of primitive man, then it is easy to under-stand how he migrated from the subsiding Indo-African continent westward into the heart of Africa, and eastward to the Malay Peninsula by way of the Eastern Archipelago, at that time forming part of the mainland . Those members of the primitive race who migrated westward are supposed to have spread over the larger portion of the continent of Africa . They appear to have divided off into two main branches, the Negrillo pygmies of central Africa and the Bushmen of the southern portion of the continent . These two sub-races appear to have been the aboriginal inhabitants of the country, though their See also:

• DIRECT

direct descendants have now been driven into the great forest fastnesses by the more powerful Bantu races which sprang from the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem at a later date . A . H . See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane, who considers the recently extinct Kalang pygmies as the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines of Java, thinks it probable that this island was the first region reached by primitive man and his See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene precursor during the eastward See also:

• MIGRATION

migration from the subsiding Indo-African continent . General Characters of the Pygmy Races.—As regards stature, the smallest are the African Negrilloes, their average height being 1.38 M . (44 ft.) . One of the six Mambute Negrilloes brought to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison in 1906 measured just over 32 ft .

Individuals not exceeding 3 ft. are met with, though the midgets of one or two pygmai in height, whose existence is indicated in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writings, must be relegated to the See also:

• REALM

realm of See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology . The Philippine Aetas measure 1.47 m., while the average height of the Sakai and Andamanese is 1.49 M . The present writer estimated the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of six adult Mambute pygmies (four See also:

• MALES

males and two See also:

• FEMALES

females) from the Ituri forest, and found the average weight to be seventy-seven pounds . Two of these, one man and one woman, each weighed only fifty-three pounds . All the pure pygmy tribes—whether Negrilloes or Negritoes —in addition to their small size have certain.well-marked characters in common . The most notable of these are crisp, closely-curled hair, flattened See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, broad at the See also:

• BASE

base, deeply depressed at the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root and with exaggerated development of the alae See also:

• NASI, JOSEPH (16th century)

nasi, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long upper See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip with the mucous membrane moderately everted, large ape-like mouth, receding See also:

• CHIN

chin, pronounced See also:

• PROGNATHISM (Gr. 7rpb, forward, and yv&Oos, jaw)

prognathism, abundant See also:

• FINE

fine woolly hair on the body, See also:

• BRACHYCEPHALIC (Gr. for short-headed)

brachycephalic cranium, proportionately long arms and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short legs, and a general simian appearance . The See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of the skin shows considerable variation . The pure-blooded African Akkas are of a peculiar dirty reddish-yellow colour, the Mambute pygmies of the Ituri forest have a skin of a deep See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• HUE

hue, while that of the Oceanic Negritoes is of a dark brown or blackish colour, differing but little from that of the surrounding See also:

• PAPUANS (Malay pap4wah or puwah-puwah, " frizzled," " woolly-haired," in reference to their characteristic hair-dressing)

Papuans and Melanesians . The eyes of the pygmies are often large and staring, giving a characteristic " See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild appearance." The See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen is protuberant in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the African pygmies, but not so in the case of the Oceanic Negritoes . The See also:

• MID

mid-point of the body is above the umbilicus, instead of being below as in the case of Europeans and Asiatics . There is no definite steatopygia, though in a few individual cases among the black Negrillo See also:

• WOMEN

women the buttocks attain considerable dimensions . The feet are large and turned slightly inwards, while the toes are relatively longer than those of Europeans .

In some there is a tendency for the four smaller toes to diverge from the great toe . Being wonderfully adroit clifribers, they sometimes make use of their feet by grasping branches between the great toe and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the toes . Their clothing is chiefly conspicuous by its absence . The African pygmies go about, for the most part, quite naked, except for the occasional presence of a small covering over the pudenda, the men wearing a small piece of See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer-skin, and the women one or two bunches of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green leaves, which they renew daily . The resemblance to the traditional fig-See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf covering is obvious . The Andamanese See also:

• WEAR

wear practically no clothing . The Karons of New Guinea wear a few strips of bark dangling from a See also:

• STRING

string round the loins . The Negrilloes seldom, if ever, See also:

• TATTOO

tattoo their body . They are fond of beads and other articles of adornment; the upper lips are often pierced with holes, through which quills are thrust . They cut their short curly hair into all sorts of fantastic patterns, and often twist some of it into peaks into which they See also:

• PLAIT (through O. Fr. pleit, from Lat. plicitum, folded, plicare, to fold)

plait feathers . Pygmy dwellings are extremely primitive structures . In Africa they are simply arbours constructed of See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent interlaced branches and See also:

• PLANTAIN (Lat. plantago)

plantain leaves, about 7 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and 4 ft. high, with a modesty and refinement, and punctiliously observe the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary decencies of See also:

• LIFE

life .

The pygmies of the Malay Peninsula have a perfectly distinct See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of their own . A glossary and See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar with phonetic rules of the Sen-oi See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect has been published, showing no connexion with any other known language . The African pygmies, for the most part, speak a more or less corrupt form of the language of the adjacent negro tribes, e.g . Keswahili, Bantu, Momfu . They have some words, however, peculiar to themselves, which may be the fragments of their own original language . (R . M .