See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)  , See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• EPIRUS, or EPEIRUS

Epirus, son of Aeacides, and a member of the royal See also:

• FAMILY

family of the Molossians . He claimed descent from See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus, the son of See also:

• ACHILLES
• ACHILLES (Gr. 'AxtXXeus)

Achilles, and was also connected with the royal family of See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia through See also:

• OLYMPIAS

Olympias, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the See also:

• GREAT

Great . When a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere lad he became king of the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain tribes of Epirus, and learned the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in the school of See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius Poliorcetes and his See also:

• FATHER

father Antigonus . He fought by their See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Ipsus (301) in See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia, in which they were decisively defeated by the combined armies of Seleucus Nicator and See also:

• LYSIMACHUS (c. 355—281 B.C.)

Lysimachus . Soon afterwards he was sent to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria as a See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge for the faithful carrying out of a treaty of See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law Demetrius and Ptolemy . Through Ptolemy, whose step-daughter See also:

• ANTIGONE, (I)

Antigone he married, Pyrrhus was enabled to establish himself firmly on the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Epirus, and became a formidable opponent to Demetrius, who was now king of Macedonia and the leading See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• WORLD

world . He defeated one of Demetrius's generals in See also:

• AETOLIA

Aetolia, invaded Macedonia, and forced Demetrius to conclude a truce with him . For about seven months Pyrrhus was in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of a large See also:

• PART

part of Macedonia, Demetrius finding it convenient to make this surrender on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that Pyrrhus did not meddle with the affairs of See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus . But in 286 he was defeated by Lysimachus at See also:

• EDESSA
• EDESSA (mod. , Vodena)

Edessa, driven out of Macedonia, and compelled to fall back on his little See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Epirus . In 281 came the great opportunity of his See also:

• LIFE

life . An See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy was sent to him from the Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy with a See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request for aid against See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, whose hostility the Tarentines had recklessly provoked . After some hesitation on the part of the Tarentines, Pyrrhus's conditions were accepted, and a treaty was concluded .

His See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• MILO
• MILO, TITUS ANNIUS

Milo crossed with a See also:

• BODY

body of troops and occupied the citadel . Pyrrhus soon followed with a See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous force of about 25,000 men (partly furnished by Ptolemy Ceraunus of Macedonia) and some elephants . The Tarentines and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Greeks shrank, however, from anything like serious effort, and resented his calling upon them for men and See also:

• MONEY

money . Rome meantime levied a See also:

• SPECIAL

special war contribution, called on her subjects and See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies for their full contingent of troops, and posted strong garrisons in all towns of doubtful fidelity . She was now the dominant See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in Italy, but her position was See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical, as in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north she had had trouble with the Etruscans and the Gauls, while in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south the Lucanians and the Bruttians were making See also:

• COMMON

common cause with Tarentum and the Greek cities . For the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• HISTORY

history Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans met in battle at See also:

• HERACLEA

Heraclea near the shores of the Gulf of Tarentum, and the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry and elephants of Pyrrhus secured for him a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete victory over the See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul M . See also:

• VALERIUS, PUBLIUS

Valerius Laevinus, though at so heavy a cost as to convince him of the great uncertainty of final success (hence is derived the phrase of a Pyrrhic victory) . Although he now had the Sarirnites as well as the Lucanians and the Bruttians and all the Greek cities of southern Italy with him, he found every city closed against him as he advanced Jn Rome through See also:

• LATIUM

Latium . The See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace negotiations, carried on by the skilful diplomatist See also:

• CINEAS

Cineas, the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of Pyrrhus, led to no result; the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate seemed inclined to come to terms, butthe fiery and patriotic eloquence of the aged and See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind Appius See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius (the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor) carried the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Cineas was ordered to leave the city at once and to tell his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master that Rome could not negotiate so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign troops remained on the See also:

• SOIL

soil of Italy . In the second See also:

• YEAR

year of the war (279), Pyrrhus again defeated a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army at Asculum (mod . See also:

• ASCOLI
• ASCOLI, GRAZIADIO ISAIA (1829–1907)

Ascoli) in See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia, but Rome still had armies in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and her Italian See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation was not broken up .

For a while he quitted Italy for See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, at the invitation of the Syracusans, with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of making himself the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Sicilian Greeks and See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving the Carthaginians out of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . In his military operations he was on the whole successful; and Rome and See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage, in See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the common danger, concluded an offensive and defensive alliance against him . He passed three years in Sicily, but offended the Greek cities, which he governed in the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of a See also:

• DESPOT (Gr. Sc-va6rgs, lord or master; the origin of the first part of the Gr. word is unknown, the second part is cognate with rbvcs, husband, Lat. potens, powerful)

despot . Finding that he could no longer hold Sicily in face of the See also:

• ILL

ill feeling thus aroused, and reproached by the See also:

• SAMNITES

Samnites for having deserted them, he decided to return to Italy . On the voyage he was attacked by the Carthaginians and lost several vessels . When he reached Italy, the Tarentines and the other Greek cities, having lost confidence in him, refused to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply him with men or money . Thoroughly disheartened, he made one more effort and engaged a Roman army at Beneventum (275) in the Samnite See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, but his arrangements miscarried, and he was defeated with the loss of his See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp and the greater part of his army . Nothing remained but to go back to See also:

• GREECE

Greece . He See also:

• LEFT

left a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison in Tarentum and returned the following year to his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in Epirus after a six years' See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . The brief See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life was passed in camps and battles, without any glorious result . He gained a victory on Macedonian soil over Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, whose troops hailed him as king . In 273 he was invited into Peloponnesus by Cleonymus to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle by force of arms a dispute about the royal See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession at See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta .

He besieged the city, but was repulsed with great loss . Next, at the invitation of a See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction, he went to See also:

• ARGOS

Argos, where, during a fight by See also:

• NIGHT

night in the streets, he was struck on the head by a huge See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile . He See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, and was put to See also:

• DEATH

death by one of the soldiers of Antigonus . Pyrrhus was a brilliant and dashing soldier, but he was aptly compared to a gambler who made many See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good throws with the See also:

• DICE (plural of die, O. Fr. de, derived from Lat. dare, to give)

dice, but could not make proper use of them in the See also:

• GAME

game . He obtained no lasting results, and was never more than a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of mercenaries, yet there was something chivalrous about him which seems to have made him a general favourite . After his death Macedonia had, for a time at least, nothing to fear, and the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of Greece was quite at the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of that power, Pyrrhus wrote a history of the art of war, which is praised by See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, and quoted by See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of See also:

• HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus and See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient authority for the life of Pyrrhus is Plutarch; see also See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius xviii . If, and elsewhere; See also:

• DION

Dion . Halic. xviii . 1, xix . 6–9; See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias i . 13; See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin xviii .

1, 2, See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 3, See also:

• XXV

xxv . 4, 5 . See also:

• MODERN

Modern monographs by G . F . See also:

• HERTZBERG, EWALD FRIEDRICH, COUNT VON (1725-1795)

Hertzberg, " Rom and See also:

• KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH (1832-1901)

Konig Pyrrhus " (popular: in 0 . See also:

• JAGER, GUSTAV (1832– )

Jager's Darstellungen aus der romischen Geschichte, 187o) ; R. von Scala, Der Pyrrhische Krieg (1884), with See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of Roman garrison See also:

• SYSTEM

system in 281; R .