Online Encyclopedia

Reef, 1200 M. long, favours the north-eastern Queensland ports . Brisbane was founded in 1826, but colonization was restricted until 1842, when the Moreton Bay See also:

DISTRICT

district of New South Wales was thrown open to settlers . It was named " Queensland " on its separation from the See also:

MOTHER

mother See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in 1859 . A broad See also:

plateau, from 2000 to 5000 ft. in height, extends from north to south, at from 20 to 100 M. from the coast, forming the See also:

Main Range . The Coast Range is less elevated .

A plateau goes westward from the Great Dividing Range, throwing most of its See also:

WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters northward to the gulf . The Main Range sends numerous but See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short streams to the Pacific, and a few long ones south-westward, lost in See also:

earth or shallow lakes, unless feeding the river See also:

Darling . Going northward, the leading See also:

rivers, in See also:

order, are the See also:

Logan, Brisbane, Mary, Burnett, Fitzroy, Burdekin, See also:

Herbert, See also:

JOHNSTONE

Johnstone and Endeavour . The Fitzroy receives the See also:

Mackenzie and See also:

Dawson; the Burdekin is supplied by the Cape, Belyando and Suttor . The See also:

CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief gulf streams are the See also:

Mitchell, See also:

FLINDERS, MATTHEW (1774-1814)

Flinders, Leichhardt and See also:

Albert . The great dry western plains have the Barcoo, See also:

DIAMANTINA (formerly called Tejuco)

Diamantina, Georgina, Warrego, Maranoa and Condamine . (T . A . C.) See also:

GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—Queensland consists geologically of three areas . The eastern See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the state, including all the Cape York See also:

Peninsula and the mountainous areas behind the coast, is occupied by the Queensland See also:

HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands, which are built up of a .See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of Archean and contorted See also:

LOWER

Lower Palaeozoic rocks, upon which See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest some sheets of comparatively See also:

HORIZONTAL

horizontal Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks . The rocks of the Highlands sink to the See also:

west below the Western Plains, which consist in the main of a See also:

SHEET

sheet of Cretaceous See also:

CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, capped by isolated ridges and peaks of See also:

DESERT

Desert See also:

SANDSTONE

Sandstone . In the far west the plains end against the See also:

FOOT

foot of an Archean tableland, which is the north-eastern See also:

PROJECTION

projection of the Western Plateau of Australia .

The See also:

OLDEST

oldest rocks in Queensland are gneisses and See also:

SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists, which regarded as metamorphosed See also:

SILURIAN

Silurian rocks, which had been converted into See also:

GNEISS

gneiss, See also:

MICA

mica-schists and See also:

HORNBLENDE

hornblende-schists . Their Silurian See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age was affirmed owing to their lithological resemblance to rocks in See also:

Victoria, which were then regarded as Silurian, but have since been shown to be Archean . The gneisses and schists occupy the Barklay Tableland, the Cloncurry See also:

GOLDFIELD

Goldfield and the rocks of the Mackinlay district in the west of the state . The second chief Archean area is around Charters Towers and the Cape Goldfieid; it includes quartzites, conglomerates and slates, striking from north-west to south-See also:

east . The third Archean area occupies the See also:

Gilbert, Woolgar and See also:

Etheridge Goldfields, and is composed of schists trending from west to east, and with dikes of See also:

DIORITE (from the Gr. S&oi4eiv to distinguish, from hA through, Epos, a boundary)

diorite and See also:

QUARTZ

quartz-See also:

PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry . Smaller Archean outcrops occur south of Bowen in the See also:

Clarke Range and on the See also:

PEAK, THE

Peak See also:

DOWNS

Downs . To the Archean See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series doubtless belong some of the many granitic massifs, including those of Charters Towers, Ravenswood and See also:

CROYDON

Croydon; but some of the granitic rocks are of Lower Carboniferous age, and some are apparently Mesozoic . The Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks are widely distributed, but owing to the rarity of fossils they are not well known . In the south-west of Queensland there are some Ordovician rocks, the eastern continuation of those in the See also:

Macdonnell Ranges . Silurian limestones occur in the See also:

MINING

mining See also:

field of Chillagoe and at See also:

MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

WYATT, JAMES (1746–1813)

Wyatt . The Upper Palaeozoic systems are well See also:

DEVELOPED

developed, even when many of the schists, which have been included in the Devonian, are eliminated . The See also:

MIDDLE

Middle Devonian is represented by the Burdekin limestones, which contain a See also:

rich fossil See also:

FAUNA

fauna corresponding to the Bucban and Bindi limestones of Victoria .

The Middle Devonian limestones occur on the See also:

MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

Marble and See also:

Hunter Islands in the See also:

Northumberland See also:

ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago . The Devonian rocks in the Pentland and Gilbert district are estimated by See also:

JACK

Jack to be over 20,000 ft. in thickness; but they probably include some Lower Palaeozoic beds . The Queensland Carboniferous See also:

SYSTEM

system is divided into five series—the See also:

GYMPIE

Gympie, See also:

STAR

Star and the three divisions of the Bowen beds . The lowest series is the Gympie, which occurs between Brisbane and Maryborough . It consists of shales and sandstones, and is traversed by dikes of diorite, which often contain See also:

PYRITES

pyrites and See also:

gold . The age of these gold-bearing rocks is proved by the presence of such fossils as Productus cora and Protoretepora ampla . The Gympie series is well developed in the districts of Burnett, Broad See also:

Sound Bay and Wide Bay, along the coast from Port Curtis to the south of Cape See also:

Palmerston . The Gympie beds are greatly contorted; and those of the Star series are regarded as younger, because they are less disturbed . They are best known in the basins of the Great and Little Star rivers, tributaries of the Upper Burdekin . They are best developed on the Belyando river and in the See also:

Drummond Range, where the shales and sandstones yield abundant fossil See also:

fish; on the Star river the shales contain Lepidodendron . The Bowen beds are divided into three series which represent the upper part of the Carboniferous . The Lower Bowen series consists of agglomerates and altered rocks exposed in the See also:

TOUSSAINT

Toussaint Range; farther south, the Lower Bowen beds consist of grits, sandstones and shales, which have been altered by some granitic intrusions .

The Middle Bowen series contains beds with Productus See also:

COCA, or CUCA (Erythroxylon coca)

coca and Glossopteris . The Upper Bowen beds contain See also:

COAL

coal seams, abundant remains of Glossopteris and one marine See also:

BAND

band . They See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form the centre of the See also:

basin of the Bowen coalfield; while the Middle Bowen beds outcrop in a band around it . The Upper Bowen beds occur also at Townsville and Cooktown in Northern Queensland . The rocks of the Mesozoic See also:

GROUP

group may be divided into two divisions, of which the lower includes terrestrial deposits containing coal seams; the upper is mainly a marine formation, but it terminates with a further development of terrestrial deposits . The Lower Mesozoic division includes the Burrum and See also:

IPSWICH

Ipswich series . The Burrum series occurs along the eastern coast from See also:

LAGUNA, or LA LAGUNA

Laguna Bay, through Wide Bay and Maryborough, to See also:

BLACKWATER

Blackwater See also:

Creek; and it extends inland for about 30 m., where it is faulted against the Gympie beds . The western edge of the Burrum beds are de-scribed as highly altered in places, by contact with granites . The Ipswich series occupies 12,000 sq. m. in the south-eastern corner of Queensland, and is the northern continuation of the Upper See also:

CLARENCE, DUKES OF

Clarence series of New South Wales . It contains coal seams which have been worked, though the coal is of inferior value to that of the Carboniferous of New South Wales . One seam, on Stewarts Creek, near Rockhampton, is 26 ft. thick . Interbedded basalts occur in the Ipswich beds, forming the scarp of the See also:

TOOWOOMBA

Toowoomba Range .

The Burrum and Ipswich beds have been included in the Trias and the See also:

JURASSIC

Jurassic, or in both systems as the Trias-See also:

Jura, but according to A . C . See also:

Seward their characteristic fossil, Taeniopteris daintreei, is of Lower Oolitic age . The Cretaceous system is represented by a lower group of marine clays forming the See also:

ROLLING

Rolling Downs formation . They are said to rest conformably upon the Ipswich beds, and some of the fossils found in these beds were first described as Upper Oolitic . The See also:

AFFINITIES

affinities of the fauna are in part with Lower Cretaceous and in part with the Cenomanian; so both these series may be represented . The Rolling Downs formation consists in the main of clays, forming the Impermeable See also:

COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover over the subterranean stores of See also:

WATER

water, which maintain the flowing See also:

wells of central Australia . The Rolling Downs formation underlies the whole of the Western Plains of Queensland, from the foot of the Queensland Highlands, westward to the Barklay Tableland; and it extends from the Gulf of Carpentaria on the north, across the state into South Australia and New South Wales . The Desert Sandstone overlies the Rolling Downs formation . Its age is shown to be Upper Cretaceous by some marine fossils from Maryborough and Croydon, which are said to be from rocks inter-bedded in it . In the interior, the Desert Sandstone is entirely of terrestrial and lacustrine origin, and the only fossils are obscure plant remains and the silicified trunks of trees . Glossopteris has been collected on Betts Creek from a See also:

rock identified as Desert See also:

Sand-See also:

stone, which is said to overlie the Rolling Downs formation; but there is probably some See also:

MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake in the stratigraphy, as Glossopteris is only found in Coal See also:

MEASURES

Measures which are clearly of Palaeozoic age .

If it had survived into the Cretaceous, some specimens of it would doubtless have been obtained from the coal seams of the Lower Mesozoic . The Desert Sandstone once covered nearly three-quarters of Queensland, having a wider range than the Rolling Downs formation . It was formed partly on See also:

LAND

land, partly in fresh-water lakes and partly in arms:of the See also:

sea, as at Croydon and Mary-See also:

borough . There is no trace of volcanic rocks in this See also:

period, and the vitreous See also:

SURFACE

surface of the Desert Sandstone is due to the deposition of efflorescent chert . The Desert Sandstone formation has now been weathered into isolated plateaus and See also:

TENT

tent-shaped hills . The See also:

CAINOZOIC (from the Gr. icalvbs, recent, life)

Cainozoic group includes many volcanic rocks, mainly sheets of See also:

BASALT

basalt, as at Townsville and Hughenden . Near Herberton, between the See also:

head of the Burdekin and the Einasleigh River, the basalts occupy 2000 sq. m. of See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Their age appears to be Oligocene, as they probably correspond with the oldest Cainozoic basalts of Victoria . Volcanic rocks of a later period occur north of Cooktown, and in the Einasleigh River, where the eruptive centres are recognizable; and a series of hot springs, some of which are described as geysers, represent the last See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of volcanic activity . The most important Cainozoic sedimentary rocks are the See also:

bone breccias, made up of bones of See also:

EXTINCT

extinct marsupials, such as Diprotodon, Thylacoleo and See also:

GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant Kangaroos . They appear to have been bogged in the mud by drying water holes, during droughts . The bones also occur in beds of See also:

GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel and sand, and they have been found in places covered by 188 ft. of overlying deposits .

Caves occur in the limestones, and on their floors there are beds yielding bones of marsupials and extinct birds; but no well authenticated See also:

case of the See also:

ancient remains of See also:

man has yet been established . The chief See also:

MINERAL

mineral product of Queensland is gold, found in See also:

VEINS

veins in Archean, Palaeozoic and Lower Mesozoic rocks . The most famous gold mines are Mount See also:

Morgan, now changing into a See also:

COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper mine, Charters Towers and Gympie . See also:

TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

Tin is found in the See also:

FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of Herberton, Cooktown and Stannary Hills . Copper occurs near Herberton, Chillagoe and Mungana, coal in See also:

SOUTHERN

southern Queensland in the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Mesozoic deposits . A full See also:

account of the geology of Queensland up to 1892 is given in Jack and Etheridge's Geology of Queensland . The tectonic geology of the coast-line has been described by E . C . See also:

Andrews, and the See also:

general geology is described in the numerous valuable publications of the See also:

GEOLOGICAL

Geological Survey of Queensland . A See also:

SUMMARY

summary of the mineral resources was issued by the Queensland See also:

government in 1901 . See also:

INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

Information regarding the artesian water See also:

SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is given in the See also:

ANNUAL

Annual Reports of the Queensland See also:

HYDRAULIC

Hydraulic Engineer . (J .

W . G.) See also:

FLORA

Flora.—The Queensland flora comprehends most of the forms See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar to Australia, with the addition of about five See also:

HUNDRED

hundred See also:

SPECIES

species belonging to the See also:

INDIAN

Indian and Malayan regions . There are no See also:

mountain ranges of sufficient See also:

ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude to make any appreciable See also:

CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the plant-See also:

LIFE

life . See also:

Bellenden See also:

KER, JOHN (1673-1726)

Ker, the highest mountain in tropical Australia, has a height of only 5200 ft., and the See also:

PLANTS

plants growing upon its See also:

SUMMIT

summit, as well as on the highest parts of the neighbouring mountains, are for the most part similar to those on the See also:

low lands in the southern parts of the state, and the plants which may be considered as peculiar to these heights are few in number of species . They consist of a Leptospermum and a (?) Myrtus, which attain a height of about 30 or 40 ft., and have widespreading, densely leaved heads . The most attractive of the tall shrubs are Dracophyllum Sayeri, of which there are two forms, See also:

RHODODENDRON

Rhododendron Lochae and Orites fragrans . A few See also:

ORCHIDS

orchids of small growth are met with, but the only large species known to inhabit these localities is the normal form of Dendrobium speciosum . These high spots have a few ferns peculiar to them, and of others it is the only known Australian See also:

HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat; for instance, the See also:

PRETTY

pretty See also:

white-fronded See also:

JAVA

Java Bristle-See also:

FERN (from O. Eng. fearn, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch varen, and Ger. Farn; the Indo-European root, seen in the Sanskrit parna, a feather, shows the primary meaning; cf. Gr. rmep6 , feather, rTepis, fern)

fern (Trichomanes pallidum) has only so far in Australia been met on the south peak of Bellenden Ker; here also Todea Fraseri may be seen with trunks 2 to 3 ft. high . The sides of these mountains are clothed by a dense See also:

FOREST

forest scrub growth, some of the trees being very tall, but diminishing in height towards the summits . Palms and fern-trees are plentiful, but the greatest variety are met with at about 4000 ft. altitude . So far this is the only known habitat of that beautiful fern-See also:

tree Also phila Rebeccae See also:

var. commutate, peculiar for the See also:

WIG (short for " periwig," an alternative form of " peruke," Fr. perruque; cf. Span. peluca; conjecturally derived from Lat. pilus)

wig-like growth at the summit ofits See also:

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem, which is formed by the metamorphosed lower pinnae and pinnules . The Myrtaceous genus See also:

EUCALYPTUS

Eucalyptus, of which sixty species are found, furnishes the greater part of what is designated " Hard-See also:

woods," the kinds being variously termed " See also:

Box," ' See also:

GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

Gum," " See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron-bark," " Bloodwood," " See also:

TALLOW (M.E. talugh, talg, cf. Du. talk, L. Ger. talg ; the connexion with O.E. taelg, dye, or Goth, tulgus, firm, is doubtful)

Tallow-See also:

wood," " Stringy-bark," &c .

These are mostly trees of large See also:

SIZE

size . Other large trees of the order which supply hard, durable See also:

TIMBER

timber are the broad-leaved See also:

TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea-tree (Melaleuca leucadendron and others), " Swamp See also:

MAHOGANY

Mahogany " (Tristania suaveolens), " Brisbane Box " (T. conferta), " See also:

TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

Turpentine " (Syncarpid laurifolia), " Peebeen " (S . Hillii), " See also:

PENDA

Penda " (Xanthostemon oppositifolius) . These are most generally cut at sawmills . Other orders, however, furnish equally serviceable, large-sized timber, particularly the following:—" Sour See also:

PLUM

Plum " (Owenia See also:

VENOSA (anc. Venusia, q.v.)

venosa, Meliaceae), " Red See also:

CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

Cedar " (Cedrela Toona), " See also:

CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

Crow's Ash" (Flindersia australis, Meliaceae), " Burdekin Plum " (Pleiogynium Solandri, Anacardiaceae) ; " See also:

BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

Bean-tree " (Castanospermum australe, See also:

LEGUMINOSAE

Leguminosae), " Johnstone River See also:

TEAK

Teak " (Afzelia australis, Leguminosae), " Ringy See also:

ROSEWOOD

Rosewood " (See also:

ACACIA

Acacia glaucescens, Leguminosae), " See also:

Black See also:

WALNUT (Juglans)

Walnut " (Cryptocarya Palmerstoni, Laurineae), " See also:

Hill's Teak " (Dissiliaria baloghioides) . Many trees yield wood particularly adapted for See also:

CARVING

carving and See also:

ENGRAVING

engraving, such as the " Native See also:

POMEGRANATE

Pomegranate " (Capparis nobilis), the " Native See also:

Orange " (Citrus australis), " Sour Plum " (Owenia acidula), " Ivorywood " (Siphonodon australe) . Coachbuilders and wheelwrights use the wood of many myrtaceous trees and several others, with Flindersias (Meliaceae), whilst See also:

TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool-handles are also formed from these and other trees . There is also a large variety of woods suited for See also:

CABINET

cabinet-making and See also:

BUILDING

building . A large number furnish See also:

TANNIN, or TANNIC ACID

tannin barks, gums, &c . The tannin barks are mostly derived from various kinds of acacia . Three spice barks, locally known as sassafras, are employed for flavouring—in the northern parts, Daphnandra aromataca, a Monimiaceous tree, and Cinnamomum Tamale; and in the southern parts Cinnamomum Oliveri . Many indigenous plants are used in domestic medicines, and several are recognized in the Pharmacopaeia, such as Eucalypts, Cinnamomums, Sideroxylons, Alstonias, Duboisias and Pipers .

With regard to See also:

FODDER

fodder-plants, no country is better furnished; there are many herbs and a large number of See also:

salt bushes and other shrubs, which form excellent auxiliaries to the See also:

food supply for stock . It is, however, to the See also:

GRASSES

grasses that the excellence of the pastures is mainly due . On the extensive plains where the best species abound may be seen a large number of the genus Panicum, of which the following are looked upon with the greatest favour:—" Vandyke grass," a form of P. flavidum, " See also:

COCKATOO (Cacatuidae)

Cockatoo grass " (P. semialatum), on the roots of which a species of cockatoo, in some parts of North Queensland, feeds; " See also:

BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

Barley grass" (P. decompositum and P. distachyum) ; " See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue grass " (Andropogon sericeus, A. pertusus, A. ref ractus, and A. erianthoides) ; " See also:

Russell River grass " (Paspalum vlmarra, nearly allied to the South See also:

AMERICAN

American species P. paniculatum, minutiflorum, and P. brevifolium, Agropyrum scabrum) ; " Tall See also:

OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

Oat grass " (Anthistiria avenacea) ; " Landsborough grass " (Anthistiria membranacea) • Danthonia racemosa, D. pilosa, D. pallida, and D. semiannularis; Sporobolus Benthami, an excellent species found near the Diamantina and Georgina rivers, and S. actinocladus; Stipa aristiglumis, Leptochloa chinensis, Microlaena stipoides; " See also:

Early See also:

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring grass " (Eriochloa punctata), with the following " Love grasses": —Eragrostis Brownie, E. chaetophylla, E. pilosa and E. lenella . The " Mitchell grasses " (Astrebla pectinate) and its varieties, viz. the See also:

Wheat (traticoides), the weeping (elymoides) and the See also:

CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly (curvifolia), are those that have the most extra-See also:

ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary vitality, but some stockholders consider that the "See also:

SUGAR

Sugar grass " or " See also:

Brown See also:

TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

Top " (Pollinia fulva) surpasses them in its quickness of bursting into See also:

LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf with the first showers of See also:

RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain . Amongst the fruits are Antidesma Bunius, A . Dallachyanum, A. erostre, A . Ghaesembilla, and A. parvifolium, called cherries or currants according to the size of the See also:

FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit they See also:

bear, the jelly made from the fruit of some species being in nowise inferior to that made from the See also:

EUROPEAN

European red See also:

CURRANT

currant . The See also:

KUMQUAT (Citrus japonica)

Kumquat or See also:

lime of Southern Downs country (Atalantia glance) makes a peculiarly See also:

NICE

nice-flavoured preserve . Of the allied genus Citrus two species are met with in the south, C. australis, which has a See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round fruit I to 2 in. in See also:

DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter; the other, C. australasica, with long See also:

FINGER

finger-like fruits 3 or more inches long and about I in. in diameter; of this a red variety (C. inodora), which is only met with in the, tropics, bears a fruit often 22 in. long by It in diameter . All these fruits are juicy, and of an agreeably See also:

sharp, See also:

ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid flavour . " See also:

Davidson's Plum " (Davidsonia pruriens) is a fruit with a sharply acid, rich, plum-coloured juice, sometimes attaining the size of a See also:

goose's See also:

egg . Of the genus Eugenia, over See also:

THIRTY

thirty are indigenous, and fully one-third produce more or less useful fuits .

One Fig (Ficus gracilipes) produces a fruit used for jam and jelly . Two Garcinias are recorded as indigenous, but of one only (G . Mestoni) is the fruit known . It is of a depressed globular form, sometimes 3 in. in diameter, very juicy, and of a pleasant flavour . Leptomeria acida, one of the very early fruits used by Australian colonists, is met with in some localities . The "Finger See also:

Berry " or " Native See also:

LOQUAT, JAPANESE PLUM

Loquat " (Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa) makes a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good jam, but is in See also:

BAD, BCD

bad repute for use in the raw state, perhaps owing to a peculiar fungus at times found to infest the berries . The Queensland See also:

RASPBERRY

Raspberry (Rubus rosaefolius) is widely spread and commonly used, but the fruit is rather insipid . The representatives of the genus Vitis all belong to the sub-genus Cissus ; several of them, although somewhat acrid, are useful for jam and jelly: probably the best for the purpose is one met with near the See also:

Walsh River, V . Gardineri, which is said to bear bunches from i lb to 2 lb in See also:

WEIGHT

weight, the berries being large and of pleasant flavour . A large number of See also:

nut-like fruits are used by the See also:

ABORIGINES

aborigines for food, but the only one used by the white See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is the fruit of Macadamia ternifolia, the Queensland nut . The foliage of many plants yields by See also:

DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation essential See also:

OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, particularly Eucalypts, Backhousias and other Myrtaceous plants. as well as some belonging to Rutaceae and See also:

LABIATAE (i.e. " lipped," Lat. labium, lip)

Labiatae, especially the genus Mentha . Apart from plants of economic value, there is a profusion of ornamental plants, shrubs, trees and parasites .

Of ferns, one-See also:

HALF

half of the kinds met with in Australia are found in Queensland as well as in the other states, one-See also:

FOURTH

fourth in Queensland alone, the remaining fourth belonging to the other states, but not to Queensland . The indigenous ferns equal in number those of New See also:

ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, and are three times the number of those of Great See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . Fauna.—The land fauna of Queensland is essentially one with that of the entire continent . But the See also:

GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position of the state, which exposes it to the See also:

CLIMATIC

climatic and transporting influences of the intertropical Pacific, has to a notable extent impressed on its fauna characters of its own . It has thus been made the headquarters of Australian See also:

BIRD

bird-life on land and fish-life at sea, the moisture of its coastal regions and the warmth of its tidal waters being eminently favourable to that See