See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• FRANCOIS QUESNAY (1694-1774)

QUESNAY (1694-1774)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French economist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Merey, near See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, on the 4th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1694, the son of an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate and small landed proprietor . Apprenticed at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen to a surgeon, he soon went to Paris, studied See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery there, and, having qualified as a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master-surgeon, settled down to practice at Mantes . In 1737 he was appointed perpetual secretary of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of surgery founded by See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois la Peyronie, and became surgeon in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . In 1744 he graduated as a See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of medicine; he became physician in ordinary to the king, and afterwards his first consulting physician, and was installed in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles . His apartments were on the entresol, whence the Reunions de l'entresol received their name . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV. esteemed See also:

• QUESNAY, FRANCOIS (1694-1774)

Quesnay much, and used to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call him his thinker; when he ennobled him he gave him for arms three See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers of the See also:

• PANSY, or HEARTSEASE

pansy (pensee), with the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto Propter excogitationem mentis . He now devoted himself principally to economic studies. taking no See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court intrigues which were perpetually going on around him . About the See also:

• YEAR

year 1750 he became acquainted with See also:

• JEAN

Jean C . M . V. de Gournay (1712-1759), who was also an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest inquirer in the economic See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field; and See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round these two distinguished men was gradually formed the philosophic See also:

• SECT

sect of the Economistes, or, as for distinction's See also:

• SAKE

sake they were afterwards called, the Physiocrates . The most remark-able men in this See also:

• GROUP

group of disciples were the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• MIRABEAU, ANDRE BONIFACE LOUIS RIQUETI, VICOMTE DE (1754-1792)
• MIRABEAU, HONORS GABRIEL RIQUETI, COMTE DE (1749-1791)
• MIRABEAU, VICTOR RIQUETI, MARQUIS DE (1715-1789)

Mirabeau (author of L'Ami See also:

• DES

des hommes, 1756-60, and Philosophie rurale, 1763), See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas Baudeau (Introduction a la philosophie economique, 1771), G . F .

Le Trosne (De 1'ordre social, 1777), See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre See also:

• MORELLET, ANDRE (1727-1819)

Morellet (best known by his controversy with See also:

• GALIANI, FERDINANDO (1728–1787)

Galiani on the freedom of the See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade), See also:

• MERCIER, HONORE (184o—,894)
• MERCIER, LOUIS SEBASTIEN (1740-1814)

Mercier Lariviere and See also:

• DUPONT, PIERRE (1821-1870)

Dupont de See also:

• NEMOURS
• NEMOURS, LORDS AND DUKES OF
• NEMOURS, LOUIS CHARLES PHILIPPE RAPHAEL

Nemours . See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, during his stay on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent with the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Baccleuch in 1764-66, spent some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Quesnay and some of his followers; he paid a high See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute to their scientific services in his See also:

• WEALTH

Wealth of Nations . Quesnay died on the 16th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1774, having lived See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough to see his See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, See also:

• TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JACQUES, BARON DE

Turgot, in See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• FINANCE

finance . He had married in 1718, and had a son and a daughter; his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson by the former was a member of the first Legislative See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly . The publications in which Quesnay expounded his See also:

• SYSTEM

system were the following:—two articles, on " Fermiers " and on " Grains," in the Encyclopedie of See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot and D'See also:

• ALEMBERT, JEAN LE ROND

Alembert (1756, 1757); a discourse on the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of nature in the Physiocratie of Dupont de Nemours (1768); Maximes ginirales de gouvernement economique d'un royaume agricole (1758), and the simultaneously published Tableau economique avec son explication, ou extrait des economies royales de See also:

• SULLY, JAMES (1842– )
• SULLY, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE
• SULLY, THOMAS (1783—1872)

Sully (with the celebrated motto, " Pauvres paysans, pauvre royaume; pauvre royaume, pauvre roi "); See also:

• DIALOGUE

Dialogue sur le See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce et See also:

• LES

les travaux des artisans; and other See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor pieces . The Tableau economique, though on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its dryness and abstract See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form it met with little See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general favour, may be considered the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal manifesto of the school . It was regarded by the followers of Quesnay as entitled to a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place amongst the foremost products of human See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom, and is named by the elder Mirabeau, in a passage quoted by Adam Smith, as one of the three great inventions which have contributed most to the stability of See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, the other two being those of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing and of See also:

• MONEY

money . Its See also:

• OBJECT

object was to exhibit by means of certain formulas the way in which the products of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, which is the only source of wealth, would in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of perfect See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty be distributed among the several classes of the community (namely, the productive classes of the proprietors and cultivators of See also:

• LAND

land, and the unproductive class composed of manufacturers and merchants), and to represent by other formulas the modes of See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution which take place under systems of Governmental See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint and regulation, with the evil results arising to the whole society from different degrees of such violations of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . It follows from Quesnay's theoretic views that the one thing deserving the solicitude of the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical economist and the statesman is the increase of the See also:

• NET

net product; and he infers also what Smith afterwards affirmed, on not quite the same ground, that the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the landowner is " strictly and indissolubly connected with the general interest of the society." A small edition de luxe of this See also:

• WORK

work, with other pieces, was printed in 1758 in the palace of Versailles under the king's immediate super-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision, some of the sheets, it is said, having been pulled by the royal See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . Already in 1767 the See also:

• BOOK

book had disappeared from circulation, and no copy of it is now procurable; but the substance of it has been preserved in the Ami des hommes of Mirabeau, and the Physiocratie of Dupont de Nemours . His economic writings are collected in the 2nd vol. of the Principaux iconomistes, published by Guillaumin, Paris, with See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface and notes by See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene Daire; also his Euvres economiques et philosophiques were collected with an introduction and See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note by Aug . Oncken (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1888) ; a facsimile reprint of the Tableau economique, from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original MS., was published by the See also:

• BRITISH

British Economic Association (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1895) .

His other writings were the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

Evidence " in the Encyclopedie, and Recherches sur l'evidence des verites geometri.ues, with a Projet de nouveaux elements de geometrie, 1773 . Quesnay s Eloge was pronounced in the Academy of Sciences by Grandjean de Fouchy (see the Recueil of that Academy, 1774, p . 134) . See also F . J . See also:

• MARMONTEL, JEAN FRANCOIS (1723-1799)

Marmontel, Memoires; Memoires de Mme. du Hausset; H . Higgs, The Physiocrats (London, 1897) .