See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• FRANCOIS RABELAIS (c. 1490—1553)

RABELAIS (c. 1490—1553)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French humorist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CHINON

Chinon on the See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• TOURAINE

Touraine . The date of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth is wholly uncertain: it has been put by tradition, and by authorities See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long subsequent to his See also:

• DEATH

death, as 1483, 1490, and 1495 . There is nothing in the See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive facts of his See also:

• LIFE

life which would not suit tolerably well with any of these See also:

• DATES

dates; most 17th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century authorities give the earliest, and this also accords best with the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the eldest of the Du Bellay See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, with whom See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais was (perhaps) at school . In favour of the latest it is urged that, if Rabelais was born in 1483, he must have been See also:

• FORTY

forty-seven when he entered at See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, and proportionately and unexpectedly old at other known periods of his life . In favour of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle date, which has, as far as See also:

• RECENT

recent authorities are concerned, the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of consent in its favour, the testimony of See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy Patin (1601-1672), a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of some merit and not too far removed in point of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, is invoked . The only contribution which need be made here to the controversy is to point out that if Rabelais was born in 1483 he must have been an old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man when he died, and that scarcely even tradition speaks of him as such . With regard to his birth, parentage, youth, and See also:

• EDUCATION

education everything depends upon this tradition, and it is not until he was according to one extreme See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-six, according to the other extreme twenty-four, that we have solid testimony respecting him . In the See also:

• YEAR

year 1519, on the 5th of See also:

• APRIL

April, the See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Rabelais of See also:

• HISTORY

history emerges . The monks of Fontenay le See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte bought some See also:

• PROPERTY

property (See also:

• HALF

half an See also:

• INN

inn in the See also:

• TOWN

town), and among their signatures to the See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed of See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase is that of Francois Rabelais . Before this all is cloudland . It is said that he had four brothers and no sisters, that his See also:

• FATHER

father had a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country property called La Deviniere, and was either an See also:

• APOTHECARY (from the Lat. apothecarius, a keeper of an apotheca, Gr. aroth is , a store)

apothecary or a See also:

• TAVERN

tavern-keeper . Half a century after his death De See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

Thou mentions that the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in which he was born had become a tavern and then a See also:

• TENNIS (sometimes called royal tennis, and, in America, court tennis)

tennis-See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court .

It still stands at the corner of a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street called the See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

Rue de la Lamproie, and the tradition may be correct . An indistinct allusion of his own has been taken to mean that he was tonsured in childhood at seven or nine years old; and tradition says that he was sent to the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of Seuilly . From Seuilly at an unknown date tradition takes him either to the university of See also:

• ANGERS

Angers or to the convent school of La Baumette or La 'Basmette, founded by See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Rene in the neighbourhood of the Angevin See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . Here he is supposed to have been at school with the brothers Du Bellay, with See also:

• GEOFFROY
• GEOFFROY, ETIENNE FRANCOIS (1672-1731)
• GEOFFROY, JULIEN LOUIS (1743-1814)

Geoffroy d'Estissac and others . The next See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in this (so far as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence goes, purely imaginary) career is the monastery of Fontenay le Comte, where, as has been seen, he is certainly found in 1519 holding a position sufficiently See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior to sign deeds for the community, where he, probably in 1511, took See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest's orders, and where he also pursued, again certainly, the study of letters, and especially of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, with ardour . From this date, therefore, he becomes historically visible . The next certain intelligence which we have of Rabelais is somewhat more directly bio- 1 See S . See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim's Quotations from the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1901), Q . 57 f.; Evaitgelion du-Mepharreshe (Cambridge, 1904), ii . 5; and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Eastern See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1904), lecture ii . =1 . 25graphical .

The letters of the well-known Greek See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar Budaeus, two of which are addressed to Rabelais himself and several more to his friend and See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Amy, together with some notices by See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre Tiraqueau, a learned jurist, to whom Rabelais rather than his own learning has secured See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality, show beyond doubt what manner of life the future author of Gargantua led in his convent . The letters of Budaeus show that an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made by the heads of the convent or the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to check the studious ardour of these See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans; but it failed, and there is no positive evidence of anything like actual persecution, the phrases in the letters of Budaeus being merely the usual exaggerated Ciceronianism of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance . Some books and papers were seized as suspicious, then given back as See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent; but Rabelais was in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability disgusted with the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister—indeed his See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work shows this beyond doubt . In 1524, the year of the publication of Tiraqueau's See also:

• BOOK

book above cited, his friend Geoffroy d'Estissac procured from See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement VII. an See also:

• INDULT (Lat. indullum, from indulgere, grant, concede, allow)

indult, licensing a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of order and of See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode for Rabelais . From a Franciscan he became a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine, and from Fontenay he moved to Maillezais, of which Geoffroy d'Estissac was See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop . But even this learned and hospitable See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat did not apparently satisfy Rabelais . In or before 1530 he See also:

• LEFT

left Maillezais, abandoned his Benedictine garb for that of a See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular priest, and, as he himself puts it in his subsequent Supplicatio See also:

• PRO

pro Apostasia to See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul III., " per seculum See also:

• DIU

diu vagatus fuit." For a time the Du Bellays provided him with an abode near their own See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of Langey . He is met at Montpellier in the year just mentioned . He entered the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine there on the 16th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and became See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor on the 1st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, a remarkably See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• INTERVAL

interval, which shows what was thought of his acquirements . Early in 1531 he lectured publicly on See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen and See also:

• HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates, while his more serious pursuits seem to have been chequered by acting in a morale comedie, then a very frequent university amusement . Visits to the Iles d'Hieres, and the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of a See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish See also:

• SAUCE

sauce in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient garum, which he sent to his friend See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne See also:

• DOLET, ETIENNE (1509-1546)

Dolet, are associated, not very certainly, with his stay at Montpellier, which, lasting rather more than a year at first, was renewed at intervals for several years . In 1532, however, he had moved from Montpellier to See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons .

Here he plunged into manifold work, See also:

• LITERARY

literary and professional . He was appointed before the beginning of November physician to the Hotel Dieu, with a See also:

• SALARY

salary of forty livres per annum, and lectured on See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy with demonstrations from the human subject . He edited for See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian See also:

• GRYPHIUS, ANDREAS (1616–1664)

Gryphius, in the single year 1532, the medical Epistles of Giovanni Manardi, the Aphorisms of Hippocrates, with the Ars Parva of Galen, and an edition of two supposed Latin documents, which, however, happened unluckily to be forgeries . At this time Lyons was the centre and to a great extent the headquarters of an unusually enlightened society, and indirectly it is clear that Rabelais became intimate with this society . A See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript distich, which was found in the See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse library, deals with the death of an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant named Theodule, whose country was Lyons and his father Rabelais, but we know nothing more about the See also:

• MATTER

matter . What makes the Lyons sojourn of the greatest real importance is that at this time probably appeared the beginnings of the work which was to make Rabelais immortal . It is necessary to say " probably," because the See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange uncertainty which rests on so much of his life and writings exists here also . There is no doubt that both Gargantua and Pantagruel were popular names of giants in the Middle Ages, though, curiously enough, no mention of the former in French literature much before Rabelais's time has been traced . In 1526, however, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles de Bordigne, in a satiric work of no great merit, entitled la Legende de Pierre Faifeu, has the name Gargantua with an allusion, and in 1532 (if not earlier) there appeared at Lyons See also:

• LES

les Grandes et inestimables chroniques du See also:

• GRAND

grand et enorme See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant Gargantua . This is a short book on the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the later burlesques and romances of the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Table . See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur and See also:

• MERLIN, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1762-1833)
• MERLIN, PHILIPPE ANTOINE, COUNT (1754-1838)

Merlin appear with Grantgosier, as he is here spelt, Galemelle (Gargamelle), Gargantua himself . EI and the terrible See also:

• MARE

mare .

But there is no trace of the See also:

• ACTION

action or other characters of Gargantua that was to be, nor is the manner of the piece in the least worthy of Rabelais . No one supposes that he wrote it, though it has been supposed that he edited it and that in reality it is older than 1J32, and may be the See also:

• DIRECT

direct subject of Bordigne's allusion six years earlier . What does, however, seem probable is that the first book of Pantagruel (the second of the whole work) was composed with a definite view to this See also:

• CHAP

chap book and not to the existing first book of Gargantua, which was written afterwards, when Rabelais discovered the popularity of his work and See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that it ought to have some worthier starting-point than the Grandes chroniques . The earliest known and dated edition of Pantagruel is of 1533, of Gargantua 1535, though this would not be of itself conclusive, especially as we actually possess See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of both which, though undated, seem to be earlier . But the definite description of Gargantua in the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title as " Pere de Pantagruel," the omission of the words " second livre " in the title of the first book of Pantagruel while the second and third are duly entitled " tiers " and " quart," the remarkable fact that one of the most important personages, See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

Friar See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, is absent from book ii., the first of Pantagruel, though he appears in book i . (Gargantua), and .many other proofs show the order of publication clearly enough . There is also in existence a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin, dated 1533, in which he speaks of Pantagruel, but not of Gargantua, as having been condemned as an obscene book . Besides this, 1533 saw the publication of an See also:

• ALMANAC

almanac, the first of a long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series which exists only in titles and fragments, and of the amusing Prognostication Pantagrueline (still, be it observed, Pantagrueline, not Gargantuine) . Both this and Pantagruel itself were published under the anagrammatic See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of " Alcofribas Nasier," shortened to the first word only in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the Prognostication . This busy and interesting See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of Rabelais's life was brought to a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close apparently by his introduction or reintroduction to See also:

• JEAN

Jean du Bellay, who, in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1533, passing through Lyons on an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, engaged Rabelais as physician . The visit did not last very long, but it left literary results in an edition of a description of Rome by Marliani, which Rabelais published in September 1534 . It is also thought that the first edition of Gargantua may have appeared this year .

In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1535 the authorities of the Lyons See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, considering that Rabelais had twice absented himself without leave, elected Pierre de See also:

• CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

Castel in his See also:

• ROOM

room; but the documents which exist do not seem to infer that any blame was thought due to him, and the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of his successor was once definitely postponed in case he should return . At the end of 1535 Rabelais once more accompanied Jean du Bellay, now a See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal, to Rome and stayed there till April in the next year . This stay furnishes some See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical documents of importance in the shape of letters to Geoffroy d'Estissac, of the already-mentioned Supplicatio pro Apostasia, and of the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull of See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution which was the reply to it . This bull not only freed Rabelais from ecclesiastical censure, but gave him the right to return to the order of St See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict when he See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose, and to practise medicine . He took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of this bull and became a See also:

• CANON

canon of St Maur . In 1537 he took his See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor's degree at Montpellier, lectured on the Greek See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of Hippocrates, and next year made a public anatomical demonstration . During these two years he seems to have resided either at Montpellier or at Lyons . But in 1539 he entered the service of See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume du Bellay-Langey, See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Jean, and would appear to have been with him (he was See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont) till his death on 9th See also:

• JANUARY

January 1543 . Rabelais wrote a panegyrical memoir of Guillaume, which is lost, and the year before saw the publication of an edition of Gargantua and Pantagruel, book i., together (both had been repeatedly reprinted separately), in which some dangerous expressions were cut away . Nothing at all is known of his life, whereabouts, or occupations till the publication of the third book, which appeared in 1546, " avec See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege du roi," which had been given in September 1545 . Up to this time Rabelais, despite the condemnation of the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne referred to above, had experienced nothing like persecution or difficulty . Even the spiteful or treacherous See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of Dolet, who in 1542 reprinted the earlier See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the books which Rabelais had just slightly modified, seems to have done him no harm .

But the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of persecution which towards the end of the reign of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. was fatal to Dolet himself and to See also:

• DES

Des Periers, while it exiled and virtually killed See also:

• MAROT
• MAROT, DANIEL (seventeenth century)

Marot, threatened him . There is no positive evidence of any See also:

• MEASURES

measures taken or threatened against him; but it is certain that he passed nearly the whole of 1546 and See also:

• PART

part of 1547 at See also:

• METZ

Metz in See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine as physician to the town at the salary of 120 livres, and See also:

• STURM
• STURM, JULIUS (1816-1896)

Sturm speaks of him as having been " See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast out of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by the times " (with the exclamation See also:

• FEU

feu -riav xpovwv) in a contemporary letter, and says that he himself in another letter gives a doleful See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of, his pecuniary affairs and asks for assistance . At Francis's death on 31st See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1547 Du Bellay went to Rome, and at some time not certain Rabelais joined him . He was certainly there in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1549, when he dates from Du Bellay's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace a little account of the festivals given at Rome to celebrate the birth of the second son of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. and See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici . This account, the Sciomachie as it is called, is extant . In the same year a monk of See also:

• FONTEVRAULT, or FONTEVRAUD (Lat. Fons Ebraldi)

Fontevrault, See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel du Puits-Herbault, made in a book called Theotimus the first of the many attacks on Rabelais . It is, however, as vague as it is violent, and it does not seem to have had any effect . Rabelais had indeed again made for himself protectors whom no clerical or Sorbonist See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy could See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch . The Sciomachie was written to the cardinal of See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

Guise, whose See also:

• FAMILY

family were all-powerful at court, and Rabelais dedicated his next book to Odet de See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon, afterwards cardinal, a man of great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . Thus Rabelais was able to return to France, t.nd in 1550 was presented to the livings of See also:

• MEUDON

Meudon and St Christophe de Jambet . It may, however, surprise those who have been accustomed to hear him spoken of as " cure de Meudon," and who have read lives of him founded on See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, to find that there is very little ground for believing that he ever officiated or resided there . He certainly held the living but two years, resigning it in January 1552 along with his other See also:

• BENEFICE (Lat. beneficium, benefit)

benefice, and it is noteworthy that at the episcopal visitation of 1551 he was not See also:

• PRESENT

present .

To this supposed See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at Meudon and to the previous stay at Rome, however, are attached two of the most mischievous items of the legend, though fortunately two of the most easily refutable . It is said that Rabelais met and quarrelled with See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim du Bellay the poet at Rome, and with See also:

• RONSARD, PIERRE DE (1524-1585)

Ronsard at Meudon and elsewhere, that this caused a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between him and the Pleiade, that he satirized its classicizing tendencies in the See also:

• EPISODE

episode of the See also:

• LIMOUSIN (Lat. Pagus Lemovicinus, ager Lemovicensis, regio Lemovicum, Lemozinum, Limosinium, &c.)
• LIMOUSIN (or LIMOSIN), LEONARD (c. 1505-c. 1577)

Limousin scholar, and that Ronsard after his death avenged himself by a libellous See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph . The facts are these . Nothing is heard of the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with Du Bellay or of any See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting with him, nothing of the meetings and bickerings with Ronsard, till 1697, when Bernier tells the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story without any authority . The supposed allusions to the Pleiade date from a time when Ronsard was a small boy, and are mainly borrowed from an earlier writer still, Geoffroy Tory . Lastly, the epitaph, read impartially, is not libellous at all, but simply takes up the vein of the opening scenes of Gargantua in reference to Gargantua's author . There is indeed no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to suppose that either Ronsard or Du Bellay was a fervent admirer of Rabelais, for they belonged to a very different. literary school; but there is absolutely no evidence of any enmity between them, and Du Bellay actually refers to Rabelais with admiration . Some chapters of Rabelais's See also:

• FOURTH

fourth book had been published in 1548, but the whole did not appear till 1552 . The Sorbonne censured it and the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament suspended the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale, taking advantage of the king's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . But it was soon relieved of the suspension . He died, it is said, on the 9th of April 1553, but actual history is quite silent See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save on the point that he was not alive in May of the next year, and the legends about his deathbed utterances—" La See also:

• FARCE

farce est jouee," " Je vais chercher un grand peut-etre," &c.— are altogether ages—with its subsequent and reformed stage, in the account of which all the best and noblest ideas of the humanist Renaissance in reference to pedagogy are put with exceptional force . Gargantua is recalled from Paris, whither he had been sent to finish his education, owing to a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between his father, Grandgosier, and the neighbouring king, Picrochole .

This war is described at great length, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of it being the monk, Friar John, a very unclerical cleric, in whom Rabelais greatly delights . Picrochole defeated and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace made, Gargantua establishes the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Thelema in another of Rabelais's most elaborate literary passages, where all the points most See also:

• OBNOXIOUS (Lat. obnoxiosus, from ob, over, against, and noxa, harm)

obnoxious to him in monastic life are indicated by the See also:

• ASSIGNMENT, ASSIGNATION, ASSIGNEE

assignment of their exact opposites to this See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model convent . The second book, which introduces the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal hero of the whole,, Pantagruel, Gargantua's son, is, on any other hypothesis but that already suggested of its See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior composition, very difficult to explain, but in itself it is intelligible enough . Pantagruel goes through something like a second edition (really a first) of the educational experiences of his father . Like him, he goes to Paris, and there meets with Panurge, the principal See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of Rabelaisian See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character-See also:

• DRAWING

drawing, and the most See also:

• ORIGINAL

original as well as puzzling figure of the book . Panurge has almost all intellectual accomplishments, but is totally devoid of morality: he is a See also:

• COWARD

coward, a drunkard, a lecher, a spiteful trickster, a spendthrift, but all the while infinitely amusing . This book, like the other, has a war in its latter part; Gargantua scarcely appears in it and Friar John not at all . It is not till the opening of the third book that the most important action begins . This arises from Panurge's determination to marry—a determination, however, which is very half-hearted, and which leads him to consult a vast number of authorities, each giving occasion for See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire of a more or less complicated See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . At last it is determined that Pantagruel and his followers (Friar John has reappeared in the See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince) shall set See also:

• SAIL

sail to consult the See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

Oracle of the Dive Bouteille . The book ends with the obscurest passage of the whole, an elaborate eulogy of the " See also:

• HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb pantagruelion," which appears to be, if it is anything, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp . Only two probable explanations of this have been offered, the one seeing in it an anticipation of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph de See also:

• MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE (1754-1821)
• MAISTRE, XAVIER DE (1763-1852)

Maistre's glorification of the executioner, the other a eulogy of work, hemp being on the whole the most serviceable of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable products for that purpose .

The fourth and fifth books are entirely taken up with a description of the voyage . Many strange places with stranger names are visited, some of them offering obvious satire on human institutions, others, except by the most far-fetched explanations, resolvable into nothing but sheer extravaganza . At last the See also:

• LAND

Land of Lanterns, borrowed from See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian, is reached, and the Oracle of the See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

Bottle is consulted . This yields the single word " Trinq," which the attendant priestess declares to be the most gracious and intelligible she has ever heard from it . Panurge takes this as a See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, and the book ends abruptly . This singular See also:

• ROMANCE

romance is diversified by, or, to speak more properly, it is the vehicle of the most bewildering abundance of digression, See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque amplification, covert satire on things See also:

• POLITICAL

political, social and religious, See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous erudition of the literary and scientific kind . Everywhere the author See also:

• LAYS

lays stress on the excellence of " Pantagruelism," and the reader who is himself a Pantagruelist (it is perfectly idle for any other to attempt the book) soon discovers what this means . It is, in See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

• ENGLISH

English, See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour . The See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of humour is a generally acknowledged crux, and till it is defined the definition of Pantagruelism will be in the same position . But that it consists in the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of a wide sympathy to all human affairs, together with a comprehension of their vanity, may be said as safely as anything else . Moroseness and dogmatism are as far from the Pantagruelism of Rabelais as maudlin sentimentality or dilettantism . Perhaps the chief things lacking in his attitude are, in the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, reverence, of which, however, from a few passages, it is clear he was by no means totally devoid, and secondly, an appreciation of See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion and See also:

• POETRY

poetry .

Here and there there are touches of the latter, as in the portrait of Quint-essence, but passion is everywhere absent—an absence for which the comic structure and plan of the book do not by any means See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete explanation . For a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general estimate of Rabelais's literary character and influence the reader may be referred to the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article FRENCH LITERATURE . But some detailed remarks must be given here . There are three questions without the discussion of which this See also:

• NOTICE

notice of one of the foremost writers of the See also:

• WORLD

world would not be worthy of its present place . These are—What is the general See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift and purpose of Gargantua and Pantagruel, supposing there to be any ? What See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence can be offered, if any defence is needed, for the extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and imagery which the author has permitted himself ? What was his attitude towards the great questions of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and politics ? These questions succeed each other in the order of reason, and the See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to each assists the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of the next . There have been few more remarkable instances of the lues commentatoria than the work of the editors of Rabelais . Almost every one appears to have started with a Rabelais ready made in his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and to have, so to speak, read that Rabelais into the book . Those who have not done this, like Le Duchat, Motteux apocryphal . The same may be said of the numerous See also:

• SILLY

silly education of his hero—a satire on the degraded See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of the middle stories told of his life, such as that of his procuring a See also:

• FREE

free passage to Paris by inscribing packets " See also:

• POISON

Poison for the king," and so forth .

Ten years after the publication of the fourth book and nine after the supposed date of the author's death there appeared at Lyons sixteen chapters entitled 1p'le sonnante See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par maistre Francois Rabelais, and two years later the entire fifth book was printed as such . In 1567 it took place with the others, and has ever since appeared with them . But from the beginning of the 17th century there have never been wanting disbelievers in its authenticity . The controversy is one of some intricacy, but as it is also one of capital importance in literary history the heads of it at least must be given here . The opponents of the book rely (r) on the testimony of a certain See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• GUYON, JEANNE MARIE BOUVIER DE LA MOTHE (1648—1717)
• GUYON, RICHARD DEBAUFRE (1803-1856)

Guyon, who in 1604 declared that the fifth book was made long after Rabelais's death by an author whom he knew, and who was not a doctor, and on the assertion of the bibliographer Du Verdier, about the same time, that it was written by an " ecolier de See also:

• VALENCE

Valence "; (2) on the fact that the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-monastic and even anti-See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic polemic is much more accentuated in it; (3) on the arguments that parts are apparently replicas or rough drafts of passages already appearing in the four earlier books; and (4) that some allusions are manifestly posterior to even the furthest date which can be assigned for the reputed author's decease . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, it is urged that, though Guyon and Du Verdier were in a sense contemporaries, they wrote long after the events, and that the testimony of the former is vitiated, not merely by its extreme vagueness, but by the fact that it occurs in a plaidoycr, tending to exculpate physicians from the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of unorthodoxy; that Du Verdier in another place assigns the Pantagrueline Prognostication to this same unknown student of Valence, and had therefore probably confused and hearsay notions on the subject; that the rasher and fiercer See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone, as well as the apparent repetitions, are sufficiently accounted for on the supposition that Rabelais never finally revised the book, which indeed dates show that he could not have done, as the fourth was not finally settled till just before his death; and that it is perfectly probable, and indeed almost certain, that it was prepared from his papers by another hand, which is responsible for the anachronous allusions above referred to . But the strongest See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, and one which has never been attacked by authorities really competent to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, is that the " See also:

• GRILLE

grille de 1'aigle " is on the book, and that no known author of the time except Rabelais was capable of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the passage about the Chats fourres, the better part of the history of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Whims (La Quinte) and her court, and the conclusion giving the Oracle of the Bottle . To this argument we believe that the more competent a critic is, both by general faculty of appreciation and by acquaintance with contemporary French literature, the more positive will be the assent that he yields . The reader must, however, be on his guard against confusing the authenticity of the fifth book generally with that of supposed early copies of it . Quite recently it was announced that an edition of 1549 had turned up in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; but the investigations of M . R . See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein, un Rabelais apocryphe (1901), repeated and confirmed by M .

A . Lefranc in the Revue des etudes Rabelaisiennes (1905), disposed of the matter . The substance of the apocryphal document is quite different from our fifth book . Gargantua and Pantagruel, notwithstanding their high literary See also:

• STANDING

standing and the frequency with which certain passages from them are cited, are, owing partly to their archaism of language and partly to the extreme licence which their author has allowed himself, so little read that no notice of them or of him could be complete without some See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of their contents . The first book, Gargantua, describes the birth of that hero (a giant and the son of gigantic parents), whose nativity is ushered in by the account of a tremendous feast . In this the burlesque exaggeration of the pleasures of eating and drinking, which is one of the chief exterior notes of the whole work, is pushed to an extreme—an extreme which has attracted natural but perhaps undue See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . Very early, however, the author becomes serious in contrasting the early and Esmangart, have generally committed the See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error of tormenting themselves and their author to find individual explanations of personages