See also:

• RADIUM (from Lat. radius, ray)

RADIUM (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• RADIUS

radius, See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

ray)  , a metallic chemical See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element obtained from See also:

• PITCHBLENDE, or URANINITE

pitchblende, a See also:

• URANIUM [symbol U, atomic weight 238.5 (0=16)]

uranium See also:

• MINERAL

mineral, by P. and Mme . See also:

• CURIE, PIERRE (1859-1906)

Curie and G . See also:

• BEMONT, CHARLES (1848— )

Bemont in 1898; it was so named on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the intensity of the radioactive emanations which it yielded . Its See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery was a sequel to H . See also:

• BECQUEREL

Becquerel's observation in 1896 that certain uranium preparations emitted a See also:

• RADIATION, THEORY OF

radiation resembling the X rays observed by See also:

• RONTGEN, DAVID
• RONTGEN, WILHELM KONRAD (1845– )

Rontgen in 1895 . Like the X rays, the Becquerel rays are invisible; they both See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse thin sheets of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass or See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, and cannot be refracted; moreover, they both ionize gases, i.e. they See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge a charged See also:

• ELECTROSCOPE

electroscope, the latter, however, much more feebly than the former . Characteristic, also, is their See also:

• ACTION

action on a photographic See also:

• PLATE

plate, and the See also:

• PHOSPHORESCENCE

phosphorescence which they occasion when they impinge on See also:

• ZINC

zinc sulphide and some other salts . Notwithstanding these resemblances, these two sets of rays are not indentical . Mme . Curie, regarding See also:

• RADIOACTIVITY

radioactivity—i.e. the emission of rays like those just mentioned—as a See also:

• PROPERTY

property of some undiscovered substance, submitted pitchblende to a most careful See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis . After removing the uranium, it was found that the See also:

• BISMUTH

bismuth separated with a very active substance—polonium; this element was afterwards isolated by Marckwald, and proved to be identical with his radiotellurium; that the See also:

• BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium could be separated with another active substance—See also:

• RADIUM (from Lat. radius, ray)

radium; whilst a third fraction, composed mainly of the rare earths (See also:

• THORIUM (symbol Th, atomic weight ,232.42 [0=16])

thorium, &c.), yielded to Debierne another radioactive element—actinium, which proved to be identical with the emanium of Giesel . Another radioactive substance—ionium—was isolated from carnotite, a uranium mineral, by B .

B . Boltwood in 1905 . Radio-active properties have also been ascribed to other elements, e.g. thorium and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . There is more radium than any other radio-active element, but its excessive rarity may be gauged by the facts that Mme . Curie obtained only a fraction of a gramme of the chloride and Giesel •2 to •3 gramme of the bromide from a ton of uranium residues . There is a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show that radium is to be regarded as an element, and in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general its properties resemble those of the metals of the alkaline earths, more particularly barium . To the See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM VON (1811-1899)

bunsen See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame a radium See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt imparts an intense See also:

• CARMINE

carmine-red See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour (barium gives a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green) . The spectrum, also, is very characteristic . The atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, 226.4, places the element in a vacant position in See also:

• GROUP

group II. of the periodic See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification, along with the alkaline See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth metals . Generally speaking, the radiation is not See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . Radium itself emits three types of rays: (I) the a rays, which are regarded as positively charged See also:

• HELIUM (from Gr. i)Xcor, the sun)

helium atoms; these rays are stopped by a single See also:

• SHEET

sheet of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper; (2) the j3 rays, which are identified with the See also:

• CATHODE

cathode rays, i.e. as a single See also:

• ELECTRON

electron charged negatively; these rays can penetrate sheets of See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium, glass, &c., several millimetres thick; and (3) the 'y rays—which are non-electrified radiations characterized by a high penetrating See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, 1% surviving after traversing 7 cm. of lead or 150 cm. of See also:

• WATER

water . In addition, radium evolves an " See also:

• EMANATION (Lat. emanatio, from e-, out, manare, to flow)

emanation " which is an extraordinarily inert See also:

• GAS

gas, recalling the " inactive " gases of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere .

We thus see that radium is continually losing See also:

• MATTER

matter and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy as See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity; it is also losing energy as See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, for, as was observed by Curie and Laborde, the temperature of a radium salt is always a degree or two above that of the atmosphere, and they estimated that a gramme of pure radium would emit about roo gramme-calories per See also:

• HOUR

hour . The Becquerel rays have a marked chemical action on certain substances . The Curies showed that See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen was convertible into See also:

• OZONE

ozone, and Sudborough that yellow See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus gave the red modification when submitted to their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . More interesting are the observations of D . See also:

• BERTHELOT, MARCELLIN PIERRE EUGENE (1827–1907)

Berthelot, F . Bordas, C . Doelter and others, that the rays induce important changes in the See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours of many minerals . (See RADIOACTIVITY.) The action of radium on human tissues was unknown until rigor, when, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Becquerel of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris having incautiously carried a See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube in his waistcoat See also:

• POCKET

pocket, there appeared on the skin within fourteen days a severe inflammation which was known as the famous " Becquerel See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn." Since that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time active investigation into the action of radium on diseased tissues has been carried on, resulting in the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment in Paris in 1906 of the " Laboratoire biologique du Radium." Similar centres for study have been inaugurated in other countries, notably one in See also:

• LONDON

London in 1909 . The diseases to which the application has been hitherto confined are papillomata, See also:

• LUPUS (Lat. lupus, wolf)
• LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS

lupus vulgaris, See also:

• EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL

epithelial tumours, syphilitic ulcers, pigmentary naevi, angiomata, and See also:

• PRURITUS

pruritus and chronic itching of the skin; but the use of radium in See also:

• THERAPEUTICS (Gr. BepaaeuTLKIi, Sc. TEXVrt, from Beparebsty, to serve)

therapeutics is still experimental . The different varieties of rays used are controlled by the intervention of screens or filtering substances, such as See also:

• SILVER

silver, lead or aluminium . Radium is analgesic and bactericidal in its action . See Radiumtherapie, by Wickham and Degrais (1909); See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die therapeutische Wirkung der Radiumstrahlen, by O .

Lassar, in See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report of Radiology See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, 1906; E . Dorn, E . Baumann and S . Valentiner in Physische Zeitung (1905); See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe in Medical See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1907) .