RAMADAN  , the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• YEAR

year in which See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting from See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn to sunset is required . The See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law is laid down in See also:

• KORAN

Koran ii . 179—184, and is as follows: A fast had always been a See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . In See also:

• ISLAM

Islam it was to fall in this month because in it the Koran was revealed, and it was holier than the others . It was to begin when the new See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon was actually seen, and last until sight of the next new moon; to extend each See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread could be distinguished from a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black one and until nightfall; to be absolute in that time as to See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, drink, See also:

• WOMEN

women . The daytime should be passed, by preference, in See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat (i 'tikaf ) in the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque in pious exercises; during the See also:

• NIGHT

night all other-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise lawful things to be lawful . The sick and those on a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey might be excused, but should fast thereafter an See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent number of days . Unexcused breaking of the fast might be atoned for by feeding of the poor . The last ten days of the month are regarded as especially sacred; these See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet himself used to pass in retreat . In the course of them falls the " Night of See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

Decree," or " of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

Power " (Koran xc . I), but its exact date is not known . On it intercourse between See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth is peculiarly open, and many wonders take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place .

Fasting in Ramadan is reckoned one of the five pillars, or absolute requirements, of Islam . It is followed by the Lesser Festival, the first three days of the month Shauwal (see See also:

• BAIRAM

BAIRAM) . Naturally, during it all the activities of See also:

• LIFE

life are reduced to a minimum, and those who can afford it turn night into day as much as possible . For details see See also:

• HUGHES, DAVID EDWARD (1831-1900)
• HUGHES, HUGH PRICE (1847-19o2)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1677-1720)
• HUGHES, JOHN (1797-1864)
• HUGHES, SIR EDWARD (c. 1720-1794)
• HUGHES, THOMAS
• HUGHES, THOMAS (1822-1896)

Hughes, See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Islam, 533 ff . ; Sell, Faith of Islam, 279 ff . ; See also:

• SPRENGER, JAKOB (fl. 1500)

Sprenger, Leben Mohammads, iii . 56 ff . ; Snouck Hurgronje, Mekka, 51, 77 ff.; Meakin, The See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, 247 ff.; Juynboll, De Mohammedaansche Wet, Io8 if . (D . B .