ALFRED

See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

NICOLAS

See also:

• ALFRED NICOLAS RAMBAUD (1842-1905)

RAMBAUD (1842-1905)  , French historian, was born at Besancon on the 2nd of July 1842 . After studying at the J cote normale superieure, he completed his studies in Germany . He was one of that band of young scholars, among whom were also Ernest Lavisse, Gabriel Monod and Gaston Paris, whose enthusiasm was aroused by the principles and organization of scientific study as applied beyond the Rhine, and who were ready to devote themselves to their cherished plan of remodelling higher education in France . He was appointed " repetiteur " at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes on its foundation in 1868 . His researches were at that time directed towards the Byzantine period of the middle ages, and to this period were devoted the two theses which he composed for his doctorate in letters, De byzantino hippodromo et circensibus factionibus (revised in French for the Revue des Deux Mondes, under the title of " Le monde byzantin; le sport et 1'hippodrome," 1871), and L'Empire grec au X° siecle, Constantin Porphyrogenete (1870) . This latter work is still accepted as a good authority, and caused Rambaud to be hailed as a master on the Byzantine period; but with the exception of one article on Digenis Akritas, in the Revue des Deux Mondes (1875), and one other on Michael Psellos, in the Revue historique (vol. iii., 1876), Rambaud's researches were diverted towards other parts of the East: The Franco-German War inspired him with the idea for some courses of lectures which developed into books: La domination francaise en Allemagne; les Francais sur le Rhin, 1792—1804 (1873) and L'Allemagne sous Napoleon I . 1804—1811 (1874) . He watched attentively the role played by Russia, and soon observed how much to the interest of France, a good entente with this power would be . He accordingly threw himself into the study of Russian history, staying in Russia in order to learn its language, institutions and customs . On his return, he published La Russie epique, a study of the heroic songs (1876), a short but excellent Histoire de la Russie depuis les origines jusqu'd l'annee 1877 (1878; 5th ed., 19oo), Francais et Russes, Moscou et Sevastopol 1812—1854 (1876; 2nd ed., 1881), and finally the two important volumes on Russian diplomatic history in the Recueil des Instructions donnees aux ambassadeurs (vols. vii. and ix., 1890 and 1891) . He was not improbably moved by considerations of foreign policy to publish his Russes et Prussiens, guerre de Sept Ans (1895), a popular work, though based on solid research . After teaching history in the Faculties of Arts at Caen (1871) and Nancy (1873), he was called to the Sorbonne (1883), where he was the first to occupy the chair of contemporary history .

By this time he had already entered into politics; he had been chef du

cabinet of Jules Ferry (1879—1881), though this did not distract him from his literary work . It was under these conditions that he composed his Histoire de la civilisation francaise (2 vols., 1885, 1887; 9th ed., 1901) and his Histoire de la civilisation contemporaine en France (1888; new ed. entirely revised, 1906), and undertook the general editorship of the Histoire generale du IV' siecle jusqu'd nos jours . The plan of this great work had been drawn up with the aid of Ernest Lavisse, but the entire supervision of its execution was carried out by Rambaud . He contributed to it himself some interesting chapters on the history of the East, of which he had a thorough knowledge . In 1885 Rambaud published, in collaboration with J . B . Baille, a French translation of J . R . Seeley's Expansion of England, and in the preface he laid great emphasis on the enormous increase of power brought to England by the possession of her colonies, seeing in this a lesson for France . He was anxious to see the rise of a "Greater France," on the model of " Greater Britain," and it was with this idea that he undertook' to present to the public a series of essays, written by famous explorers or political men, under the title of La France coloniale, histoire, geographie, commerce (1886; 6th ed., 1893) . Having become senator for the department of Doubs (1895-1902), Rambaud held the position of minister of Public Instruction from 1896 to 1898, and in that capacity endeavoured to carry on the educational work of Jules Ferry, to whose memory he always remained faithful . He dedicated to his former chief a book (Jules Ferry, 1903), which is a valuable testimony to the efforts made by France to organize public education and found a colonial empire; but this fidelity also won him some enemies, who succeeded for some time in pre-venting him from becoming a member of the Institute .

He was finally elected a member of the

Academic des Sciences morales et politiques on the Ilth of December 1897, in place of the duc d'Aumale, of whose life he wrote an account (vol. xxii., and series, of the Memoires of this academy) . His many interests ended by wearing out even his robust constitution, and he died at Paris on the loth of November 1905 . See the notices by Ernest Lavisse in the Revue de Paris for January 15th, 1906, and Gabriel Monod in the Revue historique (vol. xc., pp . 344-348) .