See also:

• RAMUS, PETRUS, or PIERRE DE LA RAMEE (1515-1572)

RAMUS, PETRUS, or See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE DE LA RAMEE (1515-1572)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French humanist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at the See also:

• VILLAGE

village os Cuth in See also:

• PICARDY (La Picardie)

Picardy in 1515, a member of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble but impoverished See also:

• FAMILY

family; hisfather was a See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal-burner . Having gained See also:

• ADMISSION

admission, in a See also:

• MENIAL

menial capacity, to the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, he worked with his hands by See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day and carried on his studies at See also:

• NIGHT

night . The reaction against See also:

• SCHOLASTICISM

scholasticism was still in full See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide; it was the transition See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time between the old and the new, when the eager and forward-looking See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits had first of all to do See also:

• BATTLE

battle with scholastic Aristotelianism . See also:

• RAMUS, PETRUS, or PIERRE DE LA RAMEE (1515-1572)

Ramus outdid his predecessors in the impetuosity of his revolt . On the occasion of taking his degree (1536) he actually took as his thesis " Everything that See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle taught is false." This tour de force was followed up by the publication in 1543 of Aristotelicae Animadversiones and Dialecticae Partitiones, the former a See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism on the old See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic and the latter a new textbook of the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . What are substantially fresh See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the Partitions appeared in 1547 as Institutions Dialecticae, and in 1548 as Scholae Dialecticae; his Dialectique (1555), a French version of his See also:

• SYSTEM

system, is the earliest See also:

• WORK

work on the subject in the French See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . Meanwhile Ramus, as See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate of the university, had opened courses of lectures; but his audacities See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew upon him the hostility of the conservative party in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . He was accused of undermining the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of philosophy and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, and the See also:

• MATTER

matter was brought before the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and finally before See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I . By him it was referred to a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of five, who found Ramus guilty of having " acted rashly, arrogantly and impudently," and interdicted his lectures (1544) . He withdrew from Paris, but soon afterwards returned, the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree against him being cancelled through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine . In 1551 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. appointed him See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of philosophy and eloquence at the College de See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, where for a considerable time he lectured before audiences numbering as many as 2000 . He published fifty See also:

• WORKS

works in his lifetime and nine appeared after his See also:

• DEATH

death .

In 1561, however, the enmity against him was fanned into See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame by his See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of Protestantism . He had to flee from Paris; and, though he found an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau, his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was pillaged and his library burned in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . He resumed his See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair after this for a time, but in 1568 the position of affairs was again so threatening that he found it advisable to ask permission to travel . Returning to France he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell a victim to his opponents in the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew (1572) . The logic of Ramus enjoyed a See also:

• GREAT

great celebrity for a time, and there existed a school of Ramists boasting numerous adherents in France, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . As See also:

• LATE

late as 1626 F . See also:

• BURGERSDYK

Burgersdyk divides the logicians of his day into the Aristotelians, the Ramists and the Semi-Ramists, who endeavoured, like Goclenius of See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, to mediate between the contending parties . Ramus's works appear among the logical textbooks of the Scottish See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities, and he was not without his followers in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . There is even a little See also:

• TREATISE

treatise from the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton, published two years before his death, called Artis Logicae Plenior Institutio ad Petri Rami Methodusn concinnata . It cannot be said, however, that Ramus's innovations See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark any See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of logic . His rhetorical leaning is seen in the See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of logic as the " ars disserendi " ; he maintains that the rules of logic may be better learned from observation of the way in which See also:

• CICERO

Cicero persuaded his hearers than from a study of the See also:

• ORGANON (Gr. 6pyavov, instrument, from Epyov, work)

Organon . The distinction between natural and artificial logic, i.e. between the implicit logic of daily speech and the same logic made explicit in a system, passed over into the logical handbooks .

Logic falls, according to Ramus, into two parts—invention (treating of the notion and definition) and See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment (comprising the judgment proper, See also:

• SYLLOGISM (Gr. ovAAoytvµos, from en', and Xb-yor, an argument resulting from combination, i.e. of premises)

syllogism and method) . This See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division gave rise to the jocular designation of judgment or See also:

• MOTHER

mother-wit as the " secunda Petri." He is, perhaps, most suggestive in his emendations of the syllogism . He admits only the first three figures, as in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Aristotelian See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, and in his later works he also attacks the validity of the third figure, following in this the precedent of See also:

• LAURENTIUS, PAUL (1554-1624)

Laurentius See also:

• VALLA, LORENZO, or LAURENTIUS (c. 1406-1457)

Valla . Ramus also set the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of deducing the figures from the position of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• TERM

term in the premises, instead 9f basing them, as Aristotle does, upon the different relation of the middle to the so-called See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major and See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor term . On the whole, however, though Ramus may be allowed to have advanced logical study by the wholesome See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation of thought which he caused, there is little ground for his pretentious claim to supersede Aristotle by a new and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent system . See See also:

• WADDINGTON, WILLIAM HENRY (1826–1894)

Waddington-Kastus, De Petri Rami vita, script-is, philosophia (Paris, 1848) ; See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Desmaze, Petrus Remus, professeur au College de France, sa See also:

• VIE

vie, ses tcrits, sa snort (Paris, 1864) ; P . Lobstein, P . Ramus ads Theolog (See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, 1878) ; E . See also:

• SAISSET, BERNARD (d. c. 1314)
• SAISSET, EMILE EDMOND (1814-1863)

Saisset, See also:

• LES

Les precurseurs de See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes (Paris, 1862) ; J . See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen, French Skeptics of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1893) ; K . Prantl, Uber P . Ramus ' in Miinchener Sitzungs berichte (1878) ; H .

See also:

• HOFFDING, HARALD (1843– )

Hoffding, Hist. of Mod . Phil . (Eng. trans., 190o), vol. i . 185; Voigt, Uber den Ramismus der Universitat See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig (Leipzig, 1888) .