See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

LEOPOLD VON See also:

• LEOPOLD VON RANKE (1795-1886)

RANKE (1795-1886)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the loth or the 21st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1795, in the small See also:

• TOWN

town of Wiehe, in Thuringia, which then formed See also:

• PART

part of the electorate of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Gottlob See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke, was an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate, but his ancestors, so far back as the See also:

• FAMILY

family can be traced, had been ministers of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold received his See also:

• EDUCATION

education first at Donndorf, a school established in an old monastery near his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and then at the famous school of Schulpforta, whence he passed to the university of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle and later to that of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . His studies, both at school and university, were classical and theological . The See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• POLITICAL

political events which occurred during his boyhood and youth seem to have had less effect on him than on many of his contemporaries, and he was not carried away either by enthusiastic admiration for See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon or by the patriotic fervour of 1813 . Nor was he implicated in the political movements which during the following years attracted so many students; on the contrary, he already displayed that detachment of mind which was to be so characteristic of him . In 1818 he became a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in a school at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-the-See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder, thereby entering the service of the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . The headmaster of this school was See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• POPPO, ERNST FRIEDRICH (1794—1866)

Poppo (1794–1866), a celebrated Grecian, and Ranke was entrusted with the teaching of See also:

• HISTORY

history . With the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar's dislike of textbooks, he rapidly acquired a thorough knowledge of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient historians, quickly passed on to See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times, and here it was that he formed as the ideal of his See also:

• LIFE

life the study of universal history, the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• GOD

God as displayed in the history of the human See also:

• RACE

race . Here, too, he composed his first See also:

• WORK

work, which deals with the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period to which most of his life was to be devoted, Geschichte der romanischen and germanischen Volker 1494–1514 (Berlin, 1824) . To this was appended a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical dissertation on the historians who had dealt with the period (Zur Kritik neuerer Geschichtschreiber), which, showing as it did how untrustworthy was 'much of traditional history, was to be for See also:

• MODERN

modern history as See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch-marking as the critical work of See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr had been in ancient history . A copy of the See also:

• BOOK

book was sent to the Prussian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of education, Karl See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Kamptz (1769–1849), the notorious See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

hunter of democrats .

Within a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week Ranke received the promise of a See also:

• POST

post at Berlin, and in less than three months was appointed supernumerary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor in the university of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, a striking instance of the promptitude with which the Prussian government recognized scientific merit when, as in Ranke's See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, it was See also:

• FREE

free from dangerous political opinions . The connexion thus established in 1825 was to last for fifty years . At the Berlin Library Ranke found a collection of MS. records, chiefly See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, dealing with the period of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation; from a study of them he found how different were the real events as disclosed in contemporary documents from the history as recorded by most writers; and the result of his researches was embodied in his second work, Fiirsten and Volker von Sudeuropa See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im 16 and 17 Jahrhundert (1827) . In later See also:

• EDITIONS

editions the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of this book was altered to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Osmanen and die spanische Monarchie . It was now his ambition to continue his exploration of the new See also:

• WORLD

world thus opened to him . The Prussian government provided the means, and in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1827 he started for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . His first sojourn was in See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, where the friendship of See also:

• GENTZ, FRIEDRICH VON (1764-1832)

Gentz and the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of Metternich opened to him the Venetian archives, of which many were preserved in that city—a virgin See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, the value of which he first discovered, and which is still unexhausted . He found See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, in addition, to write a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short book on Die Serbische Revolution (1829), from material supplied to him by Wuk Stephanowich, a Servian who had himself been See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of the scenes he related . This was afterwards See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded into Serbien and die Tiirkei im 19 Jahrhundert (1879) . In 1828 he at last crossed the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, and the next three years were spent in Italy . The recommendations of Metternich opened to him almost every library except the Vatican; and it was during these three years of study in See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, See also:

• FERRARA

Ferrara, See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence and other cities, that he obtained that acquaintance with See also:

• EUROPEAN

European history which was to make him the first historian of his time . At Rome, as he said, he learned to see events from the inside .

He wrote nothing but a critical examination of the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos,,but he returned to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany a master of his See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . For a time Ranke was now engaged in an occupation of a different nature, for he was appointed editor of a periodical in which Friedrich See also:

• PERTHES, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1772—1843)
• PERTHES, JOHAN GEORG JUSTUS (1749-1816)

Perthes designed to defend the Prussian government against the democratic See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press . Ranke, contemptuous in politics, as in history, of the men who warped facts to support some abstract theory, especially disliked the doctrinaire liberalism so fashionable at the time . He hoped, by presenting facts as they were, to win the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of all parties . We need not be surprised that he failed; men desired not the scientific treatment of politics, but See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire and invective . Exposed thus to attack, his weakness, if not his venality, was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of faith among the liberals . He did not satisfy the Prussian conservatives, and after four years the Historische Politische Platter came to an end . Two-thirds of the See also:

• MATTER

matter had been contributed by the editor, and the two stout volumes in which the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were collected contained the best political thought which had for long appeared in Germany . For Ranke the failure was not to be regretted; the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life was to be wholly devoted to that in which he excelled . During 1834–36 appeared the three volumes of his Die romischen Papste, ihre Kirche and ihr Staat im 16 and 17 Jahrhundert (Berlin, 1834-36, and many other editions), in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, as in matter, the greatest of his works, containing the results of his studies in Italy . Hence-forth his name was known in all European countries; the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by Mrs See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin was the occasion of one of See also:

• MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, BARON (1800-1859)

Macaulay's most brilliant essays . Before it was completed he had already begun the researches on which was based the second of his masterpieces, his Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (Berlin, 1839–47), a necessary See also:

• PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant to his book on the popes, and the most popular of his works in his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country .

In 1837 he became full professor at Berlin; in 1841 See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV., always ready to recognize intellectual See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence, appointed him Prussian historiographer . Stimulated by this, he brought out his Neun See also:

• BUCHER, LOTHAR (1817–1892)

Bucher preussischer Geschichte (1847–48), a work which, chiefly owing to the nature of the subject, makes severe demands on the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the reader—he is the " Dryasdust " of See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle's Frederick; but in it he laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for the modern appreciation of the founders of the Prussian See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The nine books were subsequently expanded to twelve (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1874) . He took no immediate part in the movements of 1848, but in the following years he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up several memoranda for the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, whom he encouraged in his efforts to defend the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and identity of the Prussian state against the revolutionaries . Though never admitted into the inner circle of the king's associates, he found the king the most appreciative of readers and stimulating of companions, and the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen one of the most faithful of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends; in See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical works and on other occasions he always defended the memory of the unfortunate monarch . A friend even more sympathetic he found in See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian II. of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, whom he advised in his expansive schemes for the promotion of learning and letters . In the quieter years that followed he wrote the third of his masterpieces, Franzosische Geschichte, vornehmlich im 16 and 17 Jahrhundert (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1852–61), which was followed by his Englische Geschichte, vornehmlich im 16 and 17 Jahrhundert (1859-68) . This, the longest of his works, added much to existing knowledge, especially as to the relations between See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, but it lacked something of the freshness of his earlier books; he was over seventy when it was completed, and he was never quite at home in dealing with the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of English public life . In his later years his small alert figure was one of the most distinguished in the society of Berlin, and every See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour open to a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters was conferred upon him . He was ennobled in 1865, and in 1885 received the title of Excellenz . When the weakness of his eyes made it necessary for him to depend almost entirely on the service of readers and secretaries, in his eighty-first See also:

• YEAR

year he began to write the Weltgeschichte (9 vols., Leipzig, 1883–88) . See also:

• DRAWING

Drawing on the knowledge ac-cumulated during sixty years, he had brought it down to the end of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century before his See also:

• DEATH

death in Berlin on the 23rd of May 1886 .

Ranke's other writings include Zur deutschen Geschichte . Vom Religionsfrieden bis zum 3o jahrigen Kriege (Leipzig, 1868) ; Geschichte Wallensteins (Leipzig, 1869; 5th ed., 1896); Abhandlungen and Versuche (Leipzig, 1877; a new collection of these writings was edited by A . See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

Dove and T . See also:

• WIEDEMANN, GUSTAV HEINRICH (1826-1899)

Wiedemann, Leipzig, 1888); Aus dem Briefwechsel Friedrich Wilhelms IV. mit See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM VON (1811-1899)

Bunsen (Leipzig, 1873); Die deutschen Macke and der Fiirstenbund . Deutsche Geschichte 1780—90 (1871–72); Historischbiographische Studien (Leipzig, 1878); Ursprung and Beginn der Revolutionskriege 1791–92 (Leipzig, 1875); and Zur Geschichte von Oesterreich and Preussen zwischen den Friedensschlussen zu Aachen and Hubertusberg (Leipzig, 1895) . He also wrote See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of Frederick the Great and Frederick William IV. for the Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic . Ranke married, at See also:

• WINDERMERE

Windermere, in 1843, See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

Graves, daughter of an Irish See also:

• BARRISTER

barrister . She died in 1870, leaving two sons and one daughter . At the time of his death Ranke was, not in his own country alone, generally regarded as the first of modern historians . It is no disparagement to point out that the recognition he obtained was due not only to his published work, but also to his success as a teacher . His public lectures, indeed, were never largely attended, but in his more private classes, where he dealt with the technical work of a historian, he trained generations of scholars . No one since See also:

• HEYNE, CHRISTIAN GOTTLOB (1729–1812)

Heyne has had so great an See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on German academical life, and for a whole See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation the Berlin school had no See also:

• RIVAL

rival .

He took paternal See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride in the achievements of his pupils, and delighted to see, through them, his influence spreading in every university . While his own work See also:

• LAY

lay chiefly in more modern times, he trained in his classes a school of writers on German medieval history . As must always happen, it is only a part of his characteristics which they learnt from him, for his greatest qualities were incommunicable . The critical method which has since become almost a formal See also:

• SYSTEM

system, aiming at scientific certainty, was with him an unexampled See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, based on the insight acquired from wide knowledge, which enabled him to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge the credibility of an author or the genuineness of an authority; but he has made it impossible for any one to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to write modern history except on the " narratives of See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-witnesses and the most genuine immediate documents " preserved in the archives . From the beginning he was determined never to allow himself to be misled, in his See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for truth, by those theories and prejudices by which nearly every other historian was influenced—Hegelianism, Liberalism, Romanticism, religious and patriotic See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice; but his superiority to the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary passions of the historian could only be attained by those who shared his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of character . " My See also:

• OBJECT

object is simply to find out how the things actually occurred." " I am first a historian, then a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian," he himself said . In another way no historian is less See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective, for in his greatest works the whole narrative is coloured by the quality of his mind expressed in his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . An enemy to all controversy and all violence, whether in See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act or thought, he had a serenity of character comparable only to that of See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles or See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe . See also:

• APT

Apt to minimize difficulties, to search for the See also:

• COMMON

common ground of unity in opponents, he turned aside, with a disdain which superficial critics often mistook for indifference, from the See also:

• BASE

base, the violent and the common . As in a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek tragedy, we hear in his works the See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo of great events and terrible catastrophes; we do not see them . He also made it a principle not to relate that which was already well known, a See also:

• MAXIM, SIR HIRAM STEVENS (184o- )

maxim which necessarily prevented his works attaining a popularity with the unlearned equal to their reputation among historians . But no writer has surpassed him in the clearness and brevity with which he could sum up the characteristics of an epoch in the history of the world, or See also:

• PRESENT

present and define the great forces by which the worldhas been influenced .

His classicism led to his great limitations as an historian . He did not See also:

• DEAL

deal with the history of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, with economic or social problems—the dignity of history was to him a reality . He belonged to the school of See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides and See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon, not to that of Macaulay and See also:

• TAINE, HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE (1828-1893)

Taine; he deals by preference with the rulers and leaders of the world, and he strictly limits his field to the history of the state, or, as we should say, political history; and in this he is followed by See also:

• SEELEY
• SEELEY, SIR JOHN ROBERT (1834–1895)

Seeley, one of the greatest of his adherents . The See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of modern historians, he was in truth a man of the ancien regime . Many of Ranke's works have been translated into English . Among these are See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WARS

Wars and See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

Monarchy in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, by M . A . Garvey (1852); History of England, principally in the 17th Century (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1875); History of the Latin and See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic Nations, 1494–1514, by P . A . Ashworth (1887) and again by S . R . See also:

• DENNIS, JOHN (1657—1734)

Dennis (1909); History of the Reformation in Germany, by S .

Austin (1845–47) ; History of See also:

• SERVIA

Servia and the Servian Revolution, by Mrs A . Kerr (1847); See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I. and Maximilian II. of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; State of Germany after the Reformation, by See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon (1853) ; See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg and History of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia during the 17th and 18th Centuries, by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander and Lady Duff Gordon (1849); and History of the Popes during the 16th and 17th Centuries, by S . Austin (184o; new eds., 1841 and 1847), by W . K . See also:

• KELLY, EDWARD (1854–188o)
• KELLY, HUGH (1739–1777)
• KELLY, MICHAEL (1762–1826)
• KELLY, SIR FITZROY (1796–1880)

Kelly (1843), and by E . See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

Foster (1847–53) . A collected edition of Ranke's works in fifty-four volumes was issued at Leipzig (1868–9o), but this does not contain the Weltgeschichte . For details of Ranke's life and work see his own Zur eigenen Lebensgeschichte, edited by A . Dove (Leipzig, 189o) ; and the article by Dove in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographic . Also Winckler, Leopold von Ranke . Lichtstrahlen aus seinen Werken (Berlin, 1885); W. von See also:

• GIESEBRECHT, WILHELM VON (1814–1889)

Giesebrecht, Geddchtnisrede auf Leopold von Ranke (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1887) ; Guglia, Leopold von Rankes Leben and Werke (Leipzig, 1893) ; M . See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter, Leopold von Ranke (Stuttgart, 1895); Nalbandian, Leopold von Rankes Bildungsjahre and Geschichtsauffassung (Leipzig, 1901); and Helmolt, Leopold Ranke (Leipzig, 1907) .