See also:

• RASHI (1040•-1105)

RASHI (1040•-1105)  , Jewish See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar . See also:

• RABBI

RABBI See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

SOLOMON IZHAQI (son of See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac), usually cited as See also:

• RASHI (1040•-1105)

Rashi from the See also:

• INITIALS (Lat. initialis, of or belonging to a beginning, initium)

initials of those words, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• TROYES

Troyes in 1040 and died in the same See also:

• TOWN

town in 1105 . Legends concerning him are many . Isaac's wife, shortly before the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of their famous son, was walking one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day down a narrow See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street in See also:

• WORMS

Worms, when two vehicles moving in opposite directions seemed about to crush her . As she leant hopelessly against a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, it miraculously See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in-wards to make a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche for her . So with his See also:

• EDUCATION

education . See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

Legend sends the student to See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and even on a tour of the See also:

• WORLD

world . At an See also:

• INN

inn in the Orient he cured a sick See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, who later on, as See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Olmiitz, returned the kindness by saving the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews from See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre . In fact, Rashi never went farther than from the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine to the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine; the utmost limit of his travels were the See also:

• ACADEMIES

academies of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine . Situated between France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, Lorraine was more See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French than See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, and French was the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew and See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian . This is shown by the glosses in Rashi's See also:

• WORKS

works, almost invariably in French . He seems to have passed the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade beginning with 1055 in Worms, where the niche referred to above is still shown .

Within this, it is said, Rashi was wont to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach . A small edifice on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue is called the " Rashi See also:

• CHAPEL

Chapel," and the "Rashi See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

Chair," raised on three steps in the niche, is one of the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of the pious admiration of pilgrims . At Worms Rashi worked under See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

ben Yaqar, and at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz under Isaac ben See also:

• JUDAH

Judah, perhaps combining at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the functions of teacher and student . Besides the oral tuition that he received, the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools habitually kept the notes of former teachers . From these Rashi learned much, and probably he incorporated some of these notes in his own works . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages there was a See also:

• COMMUNISM

communism in learning, but if Rashi used some of the stones quarried and drafted by others, it was to his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius that the finished edifice was due . Rashi was twenty-five years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age when he returned to Troyes, which town thenceforward eclipsed the cities of Lorraine and became the recognized centre of Jewish learning . Rashi acted as rabbi and See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, but received no See also:

• SALARY

salary . Not till the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century were Jewish rabbis paid officials . Rashi and his See also:

• FAMILY

family worked in the vines of Troyes (in the See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne); in his letters he describes the structure of the See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-presses . His learning and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character raised him to a position of high respect among the Jewries of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, though See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and the East were See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long outside the range of his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . As was said of him soon after his See also:

• DEATH

death: " His lips were the seat of See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom, and thanks to him the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law, which he examined and interpreted, has come to See also:

• LIFE

life again." His posterity included several famous names, those of his grandchildren .

Rashi had no sons, but his three daughters were See also:

• WOMEN

women of culture, and two of the sons of Jochebed (see See also:

• RASHBAM (1085–1174)

RASHBAM and See also:

• TAM, JACOB BEN MEIR (1100-1171)

TAM), as well as others of his descendants, carried on the family tradition for learning, adding lustre to Rashi's fame . The latter See also:

• PART

part of Rashi's life was saddened by the incidents connected with the first Crusade . Massacres occurred in the Rhine-lands . According to legend, Rashi and See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

Godfrey of See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon—of the foremost leaders of the Crusade—were intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . Rashi died peacefully in Troyes in 1105 . Rashi was the most conspicuous medieval representative of the Jewish spirit . A century later See also:

• MAIMONIDES

Maimonides was to give a new turn to Jewish thought, by the assimilation of Aristotelianism with Mosaism, but Rashi was a traditionalist pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . He was in no sense a philosopher, but he exemplified in his See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person and in his works the stored up wisdom of the Synagogue . Yet through all that he wrote there runs a vein of originality . Besides See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor works, such as a recension of the See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer-See also:

• BOOK

Book (Siddur), the Pardes and ha-0rah, Rashi wrote two See also:

• GREAT

great commentaries on which his fame securely rests . These were the commentaries. on the whole of the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible and on about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty See also:

• TREATISES

treatises of the See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud . His commentary on the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch, in particular, has been printed in hundreds of See also:

• EDITIONS

editions; it is still to Jews the most beloved of all commentaries on the See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic books .

More than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred supercommentaries have been written on it . Rashi unites See also:

• HOMILY

homily with grammatical exegesis in a manner which explains the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of the commentary . His influence in Christian circles was great, especially because of the use made of the commentary by Nicolaus de See also:

• LYRA (" The Harp ")

Lyra (q.v.), who in his turn was one of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther's version . Even more important was Rashi's commentary on the Talmud, which became so acknowledged as the definitive See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation that Rashi is cited simply under the epithet of " the Commentator." It is no exaggeration to assert that the See also:

• MODERN

modern world owes its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to understand the Talmud to Rashi . In this See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field the " Commentator " is supreme . He practically edited the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the Talmud besides explaining it, and the Talmud is never printed without Rashi's commentary on the margin . An important feature of Rashi's commentaries is the frequency of French See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of words . These glosses (lo`azim) have now been in part edited from the See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts of the See also:

• LATE

late Arsene See also:

• DARMESTETER, JAMES (1849-1894)

Darmesteter .