See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN (1628-1705)  , sometimes called the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• ENGLISH

English natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, was the son of the blacksmith of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Notley near See also:

• BRAINTREE

Braintree in See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, where he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 29th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1628, or, according to other authorities, some months earlier . From Braintree school he was sent at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen to Catharine See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, whence he removed to Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College after about one See also:

• YEAR

year and three-quarters . His See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor at Trinity was Dr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• DUPORT, ADRIEN (1759-1798)
• DUPORT, JAMES (1606-1679)

Duport (1606-1679), regius See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, and his intimate friend and See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil the celebrated See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow . See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

Ray was chosen See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor fellow of Trinity in 1649, and in due course became a See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major fellow on proceeding to the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's degree . He held many college offices, becoming successively lecturer in Greek (1651), See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics (1653) ,and humanity (1655) , praelector (1657), junior See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean (1657), and college steward (1659 and 166o) ; and according to the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, he was accustomed to preach in his college See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel and also at See also:

• GREAT

Great St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's before the university, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before he took See also:

• HOLY

holy orders . Among his sermons preached before his ordination, which was not till the 23rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 166o, were the famous discourses on The See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom of See also:

• GOD

God in the Creation, and on the See also:

• CHAOS

Chaos, See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

Deluge and See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

Dissolution of the See also:

• WORLD

World . Ray's reputation was high also as a tutor; and he communicated his own See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for natural history to several pupils, of whom See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• WILLUGHBY, FRANCIS (1635—1672)

Willughby is by far the most famous . Ray's quiet college See also:

• LIFE

life closed when he found himself unable to subscribe to the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of Uniformity of 1661, and was obliged to give up his fellowship in 1662, the year after Isaac See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton had entered the college . We are told by Dr See also:

• DERHAM, WILLIAM (1657—1735)

Derham in his Life of Ray that the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of his refusal " was not (as some have imagined) his having taken the ` See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

Solemn See also:

• LEAGUE

League and See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

Covenant,' for that he never did, and often declared that he ever thought it an unlawful See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath; but he said he could not declare for those that had taken the oath that no See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation See also:

• LAY

lay upon them, but feared there might." From this time on-wards he seems to have depended chiefly on the See also:

• BOUNTY (through O. Fr. bontet, from Lat. bonitas, goodness)

bounty of his pupil Willughby, who made Ray his See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion while he lived, and at his See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• LEFT

left him £6o a year, with the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of educating his two sons . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1663 Ray started together with Willughby and two other pupils on a tour through See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, from which he returned in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1666, parting from Willughby at See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, whence the latter continued his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey into See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . He had previously in three different journeys (1658, 1661, 1662) travelled through the greater See also:

• PART

part of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and selections from his private notes of these journeys were edited by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott in 176o, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Mr Ray's Itineraries . Ray himself published an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign travel in 1673, entitled Observations topographical, moral, and physiological, made on a Journey through part of the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France .

From this tour Ray and Willughby returned laden with collections, on which they meant to See also:

• BASE

base See also:

• COMPLETE

complete systematic descriptions of the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable kingdoms . Willughby undertook the former part, but, dying in 1672, left only an See also:

• ORNITHOLOGY

ornithology and See also:

• ICHTHYOLOGY (from Gr. LxObs, fish, and Xoyos, doctrine or treatise)

ichthyology, in themselves vast, for Ray to edit; while the latter used the botanical collections for the groundwork of his Methodus plantarum nova (1682), and his great Historia generalis plantarum (3 vols., 1686, 1688, 1704) . The See also:

• PLANTS

plants gathered on his See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• TOURS

tours had already been described in his Catalogus plantarum Angliae (167o), which See also:

• WORK

work is the basis of all later English floras . In 1667 Ray was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1669 he published in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with Willughby his first See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in the Philosophical Transactions on " Experiments concerning the See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

Motion of See also:

• SAP

Sap in Trees." They demonstrated the ascent of the sap through the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of the See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, and supposed the sap to " precipitate a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white coagulum or jelly, which may be well conceived to be the part which every year between bark and tree turns to wood and of which the leaves and fruits are made." Immediately after his See also:

• ADMISSION

admission into the Royal Society he was induced by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WILKINS, GEORGE (ii. 1607)
• WILKINS, JOHN (1614-1672)
• WILKINS, MARY ELEANOR (1862– )
• WILKINS, SIR CHARLES (1749?-1836)

Wilkins to translate his Real See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

Character into Latin, and it seems he actually completed a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, which, however, remained in See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript; his Methodus plantarum nova was in fact undertaken as a part of Wilkins's great classificatory See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme . In 1673 Ray married See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret Oakley of Launton (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford); in 1676 he went to See also:

• SUTTON
• SUTTON, SIR RICHARD (d. c. 1524)
• SUTTON, THOMAS (c. 1532—1611)

Sutton Coldfield, and in 1677 to Falborne Hall in Essex . Finally, in 1679, he removed to Black Notley, where he afterwards remained . His life there was quiet and uneventful, but embittered by bodily weakness and chronic sores . He occupied himself in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing books and in keeping up a wide scientific See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, and lived, in spite of his infirmities, to the age of seventy-six, dying at Black Notley on the 17th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1705 . The Ray Society, for the publication of See also:

• WORKS

works on natural history, was founded in his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in 1844 . Ray's first See also:

• BOOK

book, the Catalogus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium (166o, followed by appendices in 1663 and 1685), was written in conjunction with his " amicissimus et individuus comes," John Nid . The plants, 626 in number, are enumerated alphabetically, but a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification differing little from Caspar See also:

• BAUHIN, GASPARD (156o-1624)

Bauhin's is sketched at the end of the book; and the notes contain many curious references to other parts of natural history . The stations of the plants are minutely described; and Cambridge students still gather some of their rarer plants in the copses or See also:

• CHALK

chalk-pits where he found them .

The book shows signs of his indebtedness to See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim See also:

• JUNG, JOHANN HEINRICH (1740-1817)

Jung of See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, who had died in 1657, leaving his writings unpublished; but a MS. copy of some of them was sent to Ray by See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• HARTLIB, SAMUEL (c. 1599–c. 1670)

Hartlib in 166o . Jung invented or gave precision to many technical terms which Ray and others at once made use of in their descriptions, and which are now classical; and his notions of what constitutes a specific distinction and what characters are valueless as such seem to have been adopted with little See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change by Ray . The first two See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the Catalogus plantarum Angliae (167o, 1677) were likewise arranged alphabetically; but in the Synopsis stirpium Britannicarum (169o, 1696, also re-edited by Dillenius, 1724, and by See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, 176o) Ray applied the scheme of classification which he had by that time elaborated in the Methodus and the Historia plantarum . The Methodus plant-arum nova (1682) was largely based on the works of See also:

• CAESALPINUS (CESALPIN0), ANDREAS (1519—1603)

Caesalpinus and Jung, and still more on that of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• MORISON, JAMES AUGUSTUS COTTER (1832-1888)

Morison of Oxford . The greatest' merit of this book is the use of the number of cotyledons as a basis of classification; though it must be remembered that the difference between the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous embryo was detected by See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

Grew . After dividing plants into flowerless and flowering, Ray says, " Floriferas dividemus in Dicotyledones, quarum semina sata binis foliis anomalis, seminal-ibus dictis, quae cotyledonorum usum praestant, e terra exeunt, vel in binos saltem lobos dividuntur, quamvis eos supra terrem foliorum specie non efferunt; et Monocotyledones, quae nec folia bina seminalia efferunt nec lobos binos condunt . Haec divisio ad arbores etiam extendi potest; siquidem Palmae et congeneres hoc respectu eodem modo a reliquis arboribus differunt quo Monocotyledones a reliquis herbis." But a serious blemish was his persistent separation of trees from herbs, a distinction whose falsity had been exposed by Jung and others, but to which Ray tried to give scientific See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation by denying the existence of buds in the latter . At this time he based his classification, like Caesalpinus, chiefly .upon the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, and he distinguished several natural See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, such as the See also:

• GRASSES

grasses, See also:

• LABIATAE (i.e. " lipped," Lat. labium, lip)

Labiatae, See also:

• UMBELLIFERAE

Umbelliferae and Papilionaceae . The classification of the Methodus was extended and improved in the Historia planta See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

rum, but was disfigured by a large class of Anomalae, to include forms that the other orders did not easily admit, and by the separation of the cereals from other grasses . This vast book enumerates and describes all the plants known to the author or described by his predecessors, to the number, according to See also:

• ADANSON, MICHEL (1727-1806)

Adanson, of 18,625 See also:

• SPECIES

species . In the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter " De plantis in genere " contains an account of all the anatomical and physiological know-ledge of the time regarding plants, with the See also:

• RECENT

recent speculations and discoveries of Caesalpinus, Grew, See also:

• MALPIGHI, MARCELLO (1628-1694)

Malpighi and Jung; and See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier and Dupetit See also:

• THOUARS

Thouars, declaring that it was this chapter which gave See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance and authority to these authors' works, say that " the best See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument that could be erected to the memory of Ray would be the republication of this part of his work separately." The Stir pium Europaearum extra Britannias nascentium Sylloge (1694) is a much amplified edition of the See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of plants collected on his own See also:

• EUROPEAN

European tour . In the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to this book he first clearly admitted the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the sexuality of plants, which, how-ever, he had no See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in establishing .

Here also begins his long controversy with Rivinus (See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus See also:

• QUIRINUS

Quirinus Bachmann) which chiefly turned upon Ray's indefensible separation of ligneous. from herbaceous plants, and also upon what he conceived to be the misleading reliance that Rivinus placed on the characters of the corolla . But in the second edition of his Methodus (1703) he followed Rivinus and J . P. de See also:

• TOURNEFORT, JOSEPH PITTON DE (1656-1708)

Tournefort in taking the See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower instead of the fruit as his basis of classification: he was no longer a fructicist but a corollist . Besides editing his friend Willughby's books, Ray wrote several zoological works of his own, including Synopsis methodica Animalium Quadrupedum et Seepentini Generis (1693), that is to say, both mammals and See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles, and Synopsis methodica Avium et Piscium (1713); the latter was published posthumously, as was also the more important Historia Insectorum (1710), which embodied a great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of Willughby's notes . Most of Ray's minor works were the outcome of his See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty for carefully amassing facts; for instance, his Collection of English See also:

• PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

Proverbs (167o), his Collection of Out-of-the-way English Words (1674), his Collection of Curious Travels and Voyages (1693), and his Dictionariolum trilingue (1675, 5th edition as Nomenclator classicus, 1706) . The last was written for the use of Willughby's sons, his pupils; it passed through many editions, and is still useful for its careful identifications of plants and animals mentioned by Greek and Latin writers . But Ray's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence and reputation have depended largely upon his two books entitled The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation (1691), and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous Discourses concerning the Dissolution and Changes of the World (1692) . The latter includes three essays on " The See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive Chaos and Creation of the World," " The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Deluge, its Causes and Effects," and " The Dissolution of the World and Future Conflagrations." The germ of these works was contained in sermons preached long before in Cambridge . Both books obtained immediate popularity, and the former, at least, was translated into several See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . In The Wisdom of God, &c., Ray recites innumerable examples of the perfection of organic mechanism, the multitude and variety of living creatures, the minuteness and usefulness of their parts, and many, if not most, of the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar examples of purposive See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation and See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design in nature were suggested by him, such as the structure of the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, the hollowness of the bones, the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel's See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach and the See also:

• HEDGEHOG, or URCHIN

hedgehog's See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour . AUTHORITIES: —Select Remains, Itineraries and Life, by Dr Derham, edited by George Scott, 1740; See also:

• NOTICE

notice by See also:

• SIR

Sir J . E .

See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith in See also:

• REES, THOMAS (1777–1864)

Rees's Cyclopaedia; notice by Cuvier and A . Dupetit Thouars in the Biographie universelle; all these were collected under the title Memorials of Ray, and edited (with the addition of a complete catalogue of his works) by Dr See also:

• EDWIN, AEDUINI
• EDWIN, JOHN (1749–1790)

Edwin Lankester, 8vo (Ray Society), 1846; Correspondence (with Willughby, See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LISTER, JOSEPH LISTER
• LISTER, MARTIN (c. 1638-1712)

Lister, Dr See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson, Petiver, Derham, Sir Hans See also:

• SLOANE, SIR HANS (1660-1753)

Sloane and others), edited by Dr Derham, 1718; Selections, with additions, edited by Lankester (Ray Society), 1848 . For accounts of Ray's system of classification, see Cuvier, Lecons hilt. s . Sci . Nat., p . 488; See also:

• SPRENGEL, KURT (1766-1833)

Sprengel, Gesch. d . Botanik, ii. p . 4o; See also:

• SACHS, HANS (1494-1576)
• SACHS, JULIUS VON (1832-1897)
• SACHS, MICHAEL (1808–1864)

Sachs, Gesch. d . Botanik; also See also:

• WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794-1866)

Whewell, Hist . Ind . Sci., iii. p . 332 (ed .

1847), and Wood, See also:

• ART

art . " Classification " in Rees's Cyclopaedia . (D . W .