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RAYNALD OF See also: Constance, princess of See also: Antioch, whom she See also: chose for her See also: husband in 1153, four years after the See also: death of her first husband, See also: Raymund (q.v.)
.
One of Raynald's first acts was a brutal assault on the patriarch of Antioch; while two years later he made an unjustifiable attack on See also: Cyprus, in the course of which the See also: island was ravaged
.
The See also: act brought its punishment in 1159, when he had to humiliate himself before the emperor See also: Manuel, doing homage and promising to accept a See also: Greek patriarch; and when Manuel came to Antioch in the same See also: year, and was visited there by Baldwin III., Raynald led his See also: horse into the city
.
Later in the year he was captured by the Mahommedans, during a plundering See also: raid against the Syrian and Armenian peasants of the neighbourhood of See also: Marash, and confined at See also: Aleppo
.
His captivity lasted seventeen years
.
Rqleased in 1176, he married Stephanie, the widow of Humphrey of Toron, and heiress of Krak and Mont Royal, to the S.E. of the Dead Sea—fortresses which controlled the See also: trade-routes between See also: Egypt and See also: Damascus, and gave him See also: access to the Red See also: Sea
.
In See also: November 1177, at the See also: head of the army of the See also: kingdom, he won a victory over Saladin, who only escaped with difficulty from the pursuit
.
But in 1181 the temptation of the caravans which passed by his fortress proved too strong, and in spite of a truce between Saladin and Baldwin IV. he began to See also: plunder
.
Saladin demanded reparations from Baldwin IV
.
Baldwin could only reply that he was unable to coerce his unruly vassal
.
The result was a new outbreak of war between Saladin and the Latin kingdom (1182)
.
In the course of the hostilities Raynald launched See also: ships on the Red Sea, partly for buccaneering, partly, it seems, with the design of attacking See also: Mecca, and of challenging Mahommedanism in its own See also: holy place
.
His ships were captured by one of Saladin's See also: officers; and at the end of the year Saladin himself attacked Raynald in his fortress of Krak, at a See also: time when a number of guests were assembled to celebrate the See also: marriage of his stepson, Humphrey of Toron
.
The siege was raised, however, by Count Raymund of See also: Tripoli; and till 1186 Raynald was quiet
.
In that year he espoused the cause of Sibylla and See also: Guy de See also: Lusignan against Count Raymund, and his influence contributed to the recognition of Guy as See also: king of Jerusalem
.
His policy at this crisis was not conceived in the best interests of the kingdom; and a step which he took at the end of the year was positively fatal
.
Hearing of a
See also: rich See also: caravan, in which the See also: sister of Saladin was travelling, he swooped down from his fortress upon it
.
Thus, for the second time, he broke a truce between the kingdom and Saladin
.
Guy could not extort from him the satisfaction which Saladin demanded: Raynald replied that he was See also: lord in his lands, and that he had no See also: peace with Saladin to respect
.
Saladin swore that Raynald should perish if ever he took him prisoner; and next year he was able to fulfil his See also: oath
.
He invaded the kingdom, and, at the See also: battle of Hittin, Raynald along with King Guy and many others See also: fell into his hands
.
They were brought to his See also: tent; and Saladin, after rebuking Raynald strongly for his treachery, offered him his See also: life if he would become a See also: Mahommedan
.
He refused, and
Saladin either slew him with his own hands or caused him to be slain (for accounts differ) in the presence of his companions
.
The death of Raynald caused him to be regarded as a See also: martyr;
his life only shows him to have been a brigand of See also: great capacity
.
He is the See also: apotheosis of the feudal liberty which the barons of the Holy See also: Land vindicated for themselves; and he shows, in his reckless See also: brigandage, the worst See also: side of their character
.
See also: Stevenson, See also: Crusades in the See also: East (Cambridge, 1907), takes a most favourable view of Raynald's career: cf. especially pp
.
24o-241
.
But his whole life seems to indicate a self-willed and selfish temper
.
(E
.
BR.)
RAYNAUD'S DISEASE, a malady first described by P
.
Edouard Raynaud in 1862 in a paper on " See also: Local Asphyxia and Symmetrical Gangrene of the Extremities." The condition is said to be of central See also: nervous origin, and cold, fright, or emotional disturbances are predisposing causes
.
It is a disease of See also: child-See also: hood or early adult life, and See also: females are more frequently affected than See also: males
.
Raynaud attributed the symptoms to an arrest of the passage of See also: blood to the affected parts, and considered this due to a spasm of the arterioles
.
If the spasm be sufficiently prolonged and intense to completely close the arterial channels gangrene of the See also: part may be the result
.
The local symptoms are divided into three well-marked stages
.
The first is local syncope, in which the affected parts become temporarily bloodless, See also: white, cold, and anaesthetic
.
The condition is See also: familiar in what is termed a " dead See also: finger," and is usually bilateral
.
After a variable time the circulation may become restored with a tingling sensation, or the disease may progress to the second stage, that of local asphyxia
.
In this condition some part of the See also: body, usually a finger, toe, or the whole See also: hand or See also: foot, becomes painful to the touch and is noticed to be dusky in colour, or bluish-See also: purple or even mottled, and the See also: surface is cold
.
This discoloration may deepen until the skin is almost black, the tactile sense being lost
.
After several See also: hours the See also: pain may subside, the attack of lividity pass off, and warmth return to the skin
.
Such attacks of local asphyxia may return every See also: day for a time
.
Sometimes severe abdominal pain is See also: present, accompanied ,by haematuria
.
The frequency of haematuria in this connexion was first noticed by See also: Hutchinson in 1871
.
In the third stage, that of local gangrene, the involved areas assume a black and shrivelled appearance, livid streaks marking the course of the arteries; blebs may See also: form containing bloody fluid
.
The degree of destruction varies from the detachment of a patch of soft tissue down to the loss of even a whole See also: limb, the part becoming separated by a See also: line of demarcation as in senile gangrene
.
In Raynaud's disease the patients have been noticed to be very susceptible to cold and low temperatures; every effort should be made to keep the extremities warm; woollen underclothing and stockings should be worn, and the activity of the circulation roused by douches and exercise; by these means an attack may be prevented
.
Should local asphyxia have taken place, one of the best treatments to lessen pain and obtain the return of the natural colour is the application of the See also: constant current
.
See also: Sir T
.
Barlow directs its application, the limb being placed in a See also: bath of warm See also: salt and See also: water
.
Cushing's method of inducing active hyperaemia has been attended with much success
.
This treatment is only applicable when the vascular spasm affects the extremities, and consists in the artificial constriction of the limb by the application of a tourniquet or Esmarch's bandage for a few minutes daily
.
This is followed by hyperaemia and increased surface temperature, and affords much See also: relief to the pain of the stage of asphyxia
.
Drugs which dilate the peripheral vessels, such as amyl nitrite and trinitrine, have also been recommended
.
When gangrene occurs in the affected part it should be well wrapped in absorbent See also: cotton and kept dry, and all active treatment should cease until a line of demarcation has formed and the gangrenous portion separated
.
The disease tends towards recovery with more or less loss of tissue if the stage of gangrene has been reached
.
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