RAYNALD OF See also:

• CHATILLON

CHATILLON (d. 1187)  , a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight in the service of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, princess of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, whom she See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose for her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband in 1153, four years after the See also:

• DEATH

death of her first husband, See also:

• RAYMUND

Raymund (q.v.) . One of Raynald's first acts was a brutal See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault on the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of Antioch; while two years later he made an unjustifiable attack on See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus, in the course of which the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island was ravaged . The See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act brought its See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment in 1159, when he had to humiliate himself before the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel, doing See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage and promising to accept a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek patriarch; and when Manuel came to Antioch in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, and was visited there by See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin III., Raynald led his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse into the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . Later in the year he was captured by the Mahommedans, during a plundering See also:

• RAID

raid against the Syrian and Armenian peasants of the neighbourhood of See also:

• MARASH (anc. Germanicia-Marasion)

Marash, and confined at See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo . His captivity lasted seventeen years . Rqleased in 1176, he married Stephanie, the widow of See also:

• HUMPHREY (or HUMFREY), LAWRENCE (1527?-1590)

Humphrey of Toron, and heiress of Krak and Mont Royal, to the S.E. of the Dead See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea—fortresses which controlled the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-routes between See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, and gave him See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the Red Sea . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1177, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, he won a victory over See also:

• SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

Saladin, who only escaped with difficulty from the pursuit . But in 1181 the temptation of the caravans which passed by his fortress proved too strong, and in spite of a truce between Saladin and Baldwin IV. he began to See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder . Saladin demanded reparations from Baldwin IV . Baldwin could only reply that he was unable to coerce his unruly See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal . The result was a new outbreak of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between Saladin and the Latin kingdom (1182) . In the course of the hostilities Raynald launched See also:

• SHIPS

ships on the Red Sea, partly for buccaneering, partly, it seems, with the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of attacking See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca, and of challenging Mahommedanism in its own See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place .

His ships were captured by one of Saladin's See also:

• OFFICERS

officers; and at the end of the year Saladin himself attacked Raynald in his fortress of Krak, at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when a number of guests were assembled to celebrate the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of his stepson, Humphrey of Toron . The See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege was raised, however, by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Raymund of See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli; and till 1186 Raynald was quiet . In that year he espoused the cause of Sibylla and See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy de See also:

• LUSIGNAN

Lusignan against Count Raymund, and his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence contributed to the recognition of Guy as See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . His policy at this crisis was not conceived in the best interests of the kingdom; and a step which he took at the end of the year was positively fatal . See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

Hearing of a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan, in which the See also:

• SISTER

sister of Saladin was travelling, he swooped down from his fortress upon it . Thus, for the second time, he See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke a truce between the kingdom and Saladin . Guy could not extort from him the See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction which Saladin demanded: Raynald replied that he was See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord in his lands, and that he had no See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with Saladin to respect . Saladin swore that Raynald should perish if ever he took him prisoner; and next year he was able to fulfil his See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath . He invaded the kingdom, and, at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Hittin, Raynald along with King Guy and many others See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into his hands . They were brought to his See also:

• TENT

tent; and Saladin, after rebuking Raynald strongly for his treachery, offered him his See also:

• LIFE

life if he would become a See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan . He refused, and Saladin either slew him with his own hands or caused him to be slain (for accounts differ) in the presence of his companions . The death of Raynald caused him to be regarded as a See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr; his life only shows him to have been a brigand of See also:

• GREAT

great capacity .

He is the See also:

• APOTHEOSIS (Gr. aaoOeou)

apotheosis of the feudal See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty which the barons of the Holy See also:

• LAND

Land vindicated for themselves; and he shows, in his reckless See also:

• BRIGANDAGE

brigandage, the worst See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of their See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . See also:

• STEVENSON, ADLA1 EWING (1835- )
• STEVENSON, ROBERT (1772-1850)
• STEVENSON, ROBERT LEWIS BALFOUR (1850-1894)

Stevenson, See also:

• CRUSADES

Crusades in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1907), takes a most favourable view of Raynald's career: cf. especially pp . 24o-241 . But his whole life seems to indicate a self-willed and selfish See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper . (E . BR.) RAYNAUD'S DISEASE, a malady first described by P . Edouard Raynaud in 1862 in a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on " See also:

• LOCAL

Local See also:

• ASPHYXIA (Gr. a- priv., a fn ts, a pulse)

Asphyxia and Symmetrical See also:

• GANGRENE (from Gr. y&yypawa, an eating sore, from ypaivewv, to gnaw)

Gangrene of the Extremities." The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is said to be of central See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous origin, and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, fright, or emotional disturbances are predisposing causes . It is a disease of See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood or See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early adult life, and See also:

• FEMALES

females are more frequently affected than See also:

• MALES

males . Raynaud attributed the symptoms to an See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the passage of See also:

• BLOOD

blood to the affected parts, and considered this due to a spasm of the arterioles . If the spasm be sufficiently prolonged and intense to completely See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close the arterial channels gangrene of the See also:

• PART

part may be the result . The local symptoms are divided into three well-marked stages . The first is local See also:

• SYNCOPE (Gr. vvyKO7n , a cutting up or short, from Kbirrew, to cut)

syncope, in which the affected parts become temporarily bloodless, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, cold, and anaesthetic .

The condition is See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar in what is termed a " dead See also:

• FINGER

finger," and is usually bilateral . After a variable time the circulation may become restored with a tingling sensation, or the disease may progress to the second See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, that of local asphyxia . In this condition some part of the See also:

• BODY

body, usually a finger, toe, or the whole See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand or See also:

• FOOT

foot, becomes painful to the See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch and is noticed to be dusky in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, or bluish-See also:

• PURPLE

purple or even mottled, and the See also:

• SURFACE

surface is cold . This discoloration may deepen until the skin is almost See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, the tactile sense being lost . After several See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours the See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain may subside, the attack of lividity pass off, and warmth return to the skin . Such attacks of local asphyxia may return every See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day for a time . Sometimes severe abdominal pain is See also:

• PRESENT

present, accompanied ,by haematuria . The frequency of haematuria in this connexion was first noticed by See also:

• HUTCHINSON
• HUTCHINSON, ANNE (c. 1600-1643)
• HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1615-1664)
• HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1674-1737)
• HUTCHINSON, SIR JONATHAN (1828– )
• HUTCHINSON, THOMAS (1711-1780)

Hutchinson in 1871 . In the third stage, that of local gangrene, the involved areas assume a black and shrivelled See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, livid streaks marking the course of the See also:

• ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries; blebs may See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form containing bloody fluid . The degree of destruction varies from the detachment of a patch of soft See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue down to the loss of even a whole See also:

• LIMB

limb, the part becoming separated by a See also:

• LINE

line of demarcation as in senile gangrene . In Raynaud's disease the patients have been noticed to be very susceptible to cold and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low temperatures; every effort should be made to keep the extremities warm; woollen underclothing and stockings should be worn, and the activity of the circulation roused by douches and exercise; by these means an attack may be prevented . Should local asphyxia have taken place, one of the best treatments to lessen pain and obtain the return of the natural colour is the application of the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant current .

See also:

• SIR

Sir T . See also:

• BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812)
• BARLOW, PETER (1776-1862)
• BARLOW, SIR GEORGE HILARO (1762-1847)

Barlow directs its application, the limb being placed in a See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath of warm See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt and See also:

• WATER

water . See also:

• CUSHING, CALEB (1800-1879)
• CUSHING, WILLIAM BARKER (1842–1874)

Cushing's method of inducing active hyperaemia has been attended with much success . This treatment is only applicable when the vascular spasm affects the extremities, and consists in the artificial constriction of the limb by the application of a tourniquet or See also:

• ESMARCH, JOHANNES FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (1823-1908)

Esmarch's bandage for a few minutes daily . This is followed by hyperaemia and increased surface temperature, and affords much See also:

• RELIEF

relief to the pain of the stage of asphyxia . Drugs which dilate the peripheral vessels, such as amyl nitrite and trinitrine, have also been recommended . When gangrene occurs in the affected part it should be well wrapped in absorbent See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and kept dry, and all active treatment should cease until a line of demarcation has formed and the gangrenous portion separated . The disease tends towards recovery with more or less loss of tissue if the stage of gangrene has been reached .