See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

STEPHEN TIMOFEEVICH See also:

• STEPHEN TIMOFEEVICH RAZIN (d. 1671)

RAZIN (d. 1671)  , Cossack See also:

• HETMAN

hetman and See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel, whose parentage and date and See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth are unknown . We first hear of him in 1661 on a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSION

mission from the See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks to the See also:

• KALMUCK, or KALMYK STEPPE

Kalmuck See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars, and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year we meet him on a See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage of a thousand See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles to the See also:

• GREAT

great Solovetsky monastery on the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea " for the benefit of his soul." After that all trace of him is lost for six years, when he reappears as the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of a robber community established at Panshinskoe, among the marshes between the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Tishina and Ilovlya, from whence he levied See also:

• BLACKMAIL

blackmail on all vessels passing up and down the See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga . His first considerable exploit was to destroy the " great See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan " consisting of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury-See also:

• BARGES

barges and the barges of the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch and the wealthy merchants of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, He then sailed down the Volga with a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-five galleys, capturing the more important forts on his way and devastating the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . At the beginning of 1668 he defeated the See also:

• VOIVODE (also Vaivode, Vayvode, Wayvode, &c., Med. Gr. oe 68os)

voivode Jakov Bezobrazov, sent against him from See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan, and in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring embarked on a predatory expedition into See also:

• PERSIA

Persia which lasted for eighteen months . Sailing into the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian, he ravaged the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian coasts from Derbend to See also:

• BAKU

Baku, massacred the inhabitants of the great See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium of See also:

• RESHT

Resht, and in the spring of 1669 established himself on the isle of See also:

• SUINA

Suina, off which, in See also:

• JULY

July, he annihilated a Persian fleet sent against him . Stenka,' as he was generally called, had now become a potentate with whom princes did not disdain to treat . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1669 he reappeared at Astrakhan, and accepted a fresh offer of See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon from the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar there; the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• PEOPLE

people were fascinated by his adventures . The semi-See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Astrakhan, where the whole See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere was predatory and nine-tenths of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population were nomadic, was the natural milieu for such a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion as Stenka See also:

• RAZIN, STEPHEN TIMOFEEVICH (d. 1671)

Razin's . In 1670 Razin, while ostensibly on his way to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report himself at the Cossack headquarters on the Don, openly rebelled against the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, captured Cherkask, See also:

• TSARITSYN

Tsaritsyn and other places, and on the 24th of See also:

• JUNE

June burst into Astrakhan itself . After massacring ' Steevy.all who opposed him, and giving the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich bazaars of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city over to pillage, he converted Astrakhan into a Cossack See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, dividing the population into thousands, hundreds and tens, with their proper See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, all of whom were appointed by a vyecha or See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, whose first See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was to proclaim See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen Timofeevich their gosudar (See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign) . After a three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks' See also:

• CARNIVAL (Med. Lat. carnelevarium, from taro, tarns, flesh, and levare, to lighten or put aside; the derivation from valere, to say farewell, is unsupported)

carnival of See also:

• BLOOD

blood and debauchery Razin quitted Astrakhan with two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred barges full of troops to establish the Cossack republic along the whole length of the Volga, as a preliminary step towards advancing against Moscow . See also:

• SARATOV

Saratov and See also:

• SAMARA

Samara were captured, but See also:

• SIMBIRSK

Simbirsk defied all efforts, and after two bloody encounters See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Sviyaga (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1st and 4th); Razin was ultimately routed and fled down the Volga, leaving the bulk of his followers to be extirpated by the victors .

But the rebellion was by no means over . The emissaries of Razin, armed with inflammatory proclamations, had stirred up the inhabitants of the See also:

• MODERN

modern governments of Nizhniy-See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod, See also:

• TAMBOV

Tambov and See also:

• PENZA

Penza, and penetrated even so far as Moscow and Great Novgorod . It was not difficult to revolt the oppressed population by the promise of deliverance from their yoke . Razin proclaimed that his See also:

• OBJECT

object was to See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root out the boyars and all officials, to level all ranks and dignities, and establish Cossackdom, with its corollary of See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute equality, throughout Muscovy . Even at the beginning of 1671 the issue of the struggle was doubtful . Eight battles had been fought before the insurrection showed signs of weakening, and it continued for six months after Razin had received his quietus . At Simbirsk his See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige had been shattered . Even his own settlements at Saratov and Samara refused to open their See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates to him, and the Don Cossacks, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing that the patriarch of Moscow had anathematized Stenka, also declared against him . In 1671 he was captured at Kagalnik, his last fortress, and carried to Moscow, where, on the 6th of June, after bravely enduring unspeakable torments, he was quartered alive . See N . I . Kostomarov, The Rebellion of Stenka Razin (Rus.) (2nd ed., See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1859) ; S .

M . Solovev, See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia (Rus.), vol. ii . (Petersburg, 1895, &c.); R . N . See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, The First Romanovs (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905) . (R . N .