RENE See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE See also:

• RENE ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE REAUMUR (1683-1757)

REAUMUR (1683-1757)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 28th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1683 at La Rochelle and received his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• EDUCATION

education there . He was taught See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits' See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers, and in 1699 went to See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges to study See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics under the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of an See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• CANON

canon of La Sainte-Chapelle . In 1703 he came to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he continued the study of mathematics and physics, and in 1708, at the early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-four, was elected a member of the See also:

• ACADEMIC

Academic See also:

• DES

des Sciences . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time onwards for nearly See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century hardly a See also:

• YEAR

year passed in which the Memoires de l'Academie did not contain at least one See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by See also:

• REAUMUR, RENE ANTOINE FERCHAULT DE (1683-1757)

Reaumur . At first his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was occupied by mathematical studies, especially in See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry . In 1710 he was appointed to the charge of a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• WORK

work—the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official description of the useful arts and manufactures—which led him to many See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical researches that resulted in the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of manufactures new to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and the revival of neglected See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . For discoveries regarding See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel he was awarded a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of 12,000 livres; but, being content with his ample private income, he requested that the See also:

• MONEY

money should be secured to the Academie des Sciences for the furtherance of experiments on improved See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial processes . In 1731 he became interested in See also:

• METEOROLOGY (Gr. JerEwpa, and hb'yos, i.e. the science of things in the air)

meteorology, and invented the thermometer See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale which bears his name . In 1735 See also:

• FAMILY

family arrangements obliged him to accept the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• COMMANDER

commander and See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant of the royal and military See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis; he discharged his duties with scrupulous attention, but declined the emoluments . He took great delight in the systematic study of natural See also:

• HISTORY

history . His See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends often called him the ' The Schoolmen's distinction of ratio cognoscendi (a See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for acknowledging a fact) and ratio essendi (a reason for the existence of this fact), See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny of the 18th century . He loved retirement and lived much at his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country residences, at one of which, La Bermondiere (See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine), he met with a fall from horseback, the effects of which proved fatal on the 17th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1757 .

He bequeathed his See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, which filled 138 portfolios, and his natural history collections to the Academie des Sciences . Reaumur's scientific papers See also:

• DEAL

deal with nearly all branches of science; his first, in 1708, was on a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general problem in geometry; his last, in 1756, on the forms of birds' nests . He proved experimentally the fact that the strength of a rope is less than the sum of the strengths of its See also:

• SEPARATE

separate strands . He examined and reported on the auriferous See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, the See also:

• TURQUOISE

turquoise mines, the forests and the fossil beds of France . He devised the method of tinning iron that is still employed, and investigated the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between iron and steel, correctly showing that the amount of See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon (See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur in the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the old See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry) is greatest in See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast iron, less in steel, and least in wrought iron . His See also:

• BOOK

book on this subject (1722) was translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German . The thermometer by which he is now best remembered was constructed on the principle of taking the freezing-point of See also:

• WATER

water as o°, and graduating the See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube into degrees each of which was one-thousandth of the See also:

• VOLUME

volume contained by the bulb and tube up to the zero See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark . It was an See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident dependent on the dilatability of the particular quality of See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol employed which made the boiling-point of water 8o°; and See also:

• MERCURIAL

mercurial thermometers the stems of which are graduated into eighty equal parts between the freezing- and boiling-points of water are not Reaumur thermometers in anything but name . Reaumur wrote much on natural history . Early in See also:

• LIFE

life he described the locomotor See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the Echinodermata, and showed that the supposed vulgar See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error of Crustaceans replacing their lost limbs was an actual fact . In 1710 he wrote a paper on the possibility of See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders being used to produce See also:

• SILK

silk, which was so celebrated at the time that the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Kang-he caused a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of it to be made . He treated also of botanical and agricultural matters, and devised processes for preserving birds and eggs .

He elaborated a system of artificial See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation, and made important observations on the digestion of carnivorous and graminivorous birds . His greatest work is the Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes, 6 vols., with 267 plates (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1734-42) . It describes the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, habits and locality of all the known See also:

• INSECTS

insects except the beetles, and is a marvel of patient and accurate observation . Among other important facts stated in this work are the experiments which enabled Reaumur to prove the correctness of Peyssonel's See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, that See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

corals are animals and not See also:

• PLANTS

plants .