RECHBERG  - ROTHENLOWEN, JOHANN BERNHARD, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT (1806-1899), See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian statesman, was the second son of the Bavarian statesman Count Aloys von Rechberg-Rothenlowen (1766-1849) . Johann Bernhard was destined for the Bavarian public service., his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother being a hereditary member of the Upper See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House in the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg . He was educated at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg and See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, but he incurred the displeasure of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis I. by the See also:

• PART

part he played as second in a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel, and in 1828 he transferred him-self to the Austrian See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic service . After being attached to the embassies in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, he was appointed See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy at See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm (1841) and at Rio de Janeiro (1843) . Returning to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in 1847, on the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 in See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna he was of See also:

• GREAT

great service to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Metternich, whom he accompanied and assisted in his See also:

• FLIGHT

flight to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In See also:

• JULY

July 1848 he was appointed Austrian plenipotentiary in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German federal See also:

• DIET

diet at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, in 1851 became Austrian internuncius at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, and in 1853 See also:

• RADETZKY, JOSEF, COUNT OF RADETZ (1766-1858)

Radetzky's civilian colleague in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• LOMBARDO

Lombardo-See also:

• VENETIA

Venetia . In 1855 he returned to Frankfort as Austrian representative and See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the federal diet . As a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Metternich he would have wished to preserve the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good understanding with See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia which seemed the necessary See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for a conservative policy; he was, however, made the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument for the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Prussian policy of Buol; this brought about See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant disputes with See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck, at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Prussian envoy at the diet, which were sharpened by Rechberg's choleric See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, and on one occasion nearly led to a duel . Bismarck, however, always expressed a high appreciation of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and abilities . In May 1859, on the See also:

• EVE

eve of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, he was appointed Austrian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs and minister president, surrendering the latter See also:

• POST

post to the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke Rainer in the following See also:

• YEAR

year . The five years during which Rechberg held the See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio of foreign affairs covered the war with Italy and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, the insurrection in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, the attempted reform of the German See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation through the Frankfort Fiirstentag, and the Austro-Prussian war with See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . After the defeat of See also:

• MAGENTA

Magenta Rechberg accompanied the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor to Italy, and he had to meet the crisis caused by a war for which he was not responsible .

He began the concessions to See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and in the See also:

• POLISH

Polish question, and was responsible for the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria to the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of the Western See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers . In the German question Rechberg's policy was one of See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise . To the project of the Fiirstentag he was altogether opposed . The project had been suggested to the emperor See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph by his son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, the hereditary prince of Turn and Taxis, and by a pamphlet of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius FrSbel, and the preliminary arrangements were made without Rechberg being informed . When at last he was told, he tendered his resignation, which was not accepted, and he accompanied the emperor to the abortive See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting at Frankfort (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1863) . The See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made by Rechberg at the subsequent ministerial See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg to establish a German See also:

• LEAGUE

league without Prussia was equally unsuccessful, and he now returned to the policy, which in opposition to See also:

• SCHMERLING, ANTON VON (1805-1893)

Schmerling he had throughout advocated, of a peaceful arrangement between Prussia and Austria as the indispensable preliminary to a reform of the Confederation . At this juncture the See also:

• DEATH

death of King See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick VII. of Denmark (15th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1863) opened up the whole See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig-See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein question (q.v.) . In the diplomatic duel that followed Rechberg was no match for Bismarck . It suited Austrian policy to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with Prussia against Denmark; but Rechberg well knew that Bismarck was aiming at the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of the duchies . He attempted to guard against this by laying down as a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the alliance that the duchies should only be separated from Denmark by See also:

• COMMON

common consent of the two German powers . Bismarck, however, insisted that the question of the ultimate destination of the duchies should be See also:

• LEFT

left open; and, when he backed his See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument with the See also:

• THREAT

threat that unless Austria accepted his proposal Prussia would act alone, Rechberg gave way . His See also:

• ACTION

action was made the See also:

• OBJECT

object of violent attacks in the Austrian See also:

• LOWER

Lower House (28—30 See also:

• JANUARY

January 1864), and when the war was victoriously concluded and Prussia's designs on the duchies had become evident, public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion turned more and more against him, demanding that Austria should support the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Augustenburg even at the See also:

• RISK

risk of war .

Rechberg yielded so far as to assure the duke's representative at Vienna that Austria was determined to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place him in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the duchies, but only on condition that he did not sign away any of his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign rights to Prussia . The outcome of this was that the duke refused the terms offered by King See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William and Bismarck . On the 22nd of August there was a meeting of the emperor Francis Joseph and King William at Schonbrunn, both Rechberg and Bismarck being See also:

• PRESENT

present . Rechberg himself was in favour of allowing Prussia to annex the duchies, on condition that Prussia should See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee Austria's possession of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and the Adriatic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . On the first point no agreement was reached; but the principles of an Austro-Prussian alliance in the event of a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French invasion of Italy were agreed upon . This latter proposal was, however, received with violent opposition in the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, where Rechberg's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been over-shadowed by that of Schmerling; public opinion, utterly distrustful of Prussian promises, was also greatly excited; and on the 27th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October Rechberg handed in his resignation, receiving at the same time the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Fleece from the emperor as a sign of See also:

• SPECIAL

special favour . He had been made an hereditary member of the Upper House of the Reichsrat in 1861, and as See also:

• LATE

late as 1879 continued occasionally to take part in debates . He died at his See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of Kettenhof near Vienna on the 26th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1899 . He had married, in 1834, See also:

• BARBARA, SAINT

Barbara See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, eldest daughter of the 6th See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

• RANELAGH

Ranelagh, by whom he had one son, Count Louis (b . 1835) . See the See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography by See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz Ilwof in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, B . 53 .

Nachtrage (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 19o7) .