REDSTART  , a See also:

• BIRD

bird well known in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, in many parts of which it is called firetail—a name of almost the same meaning, since " start " is from the Anglo-Saxon steort, a tail . This beautiful bird, Ruticilla phoenicurus, returns to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle or towards the end of See also:

• APRIL

April, and at once takes up its See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode in gardens, orchards and about old buildings, when its curious See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of flirting at nearly every See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of position its brightly-coloured tail, together with the pure See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white forehead, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat, and See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• BAY

bay See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast of the See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock, renders him conspicuous, even if See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention be not See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by his lively though intermittent See also:

• SONG

song . The See also:

• HEN

hen is much more plainly attired; but the characteristic colouring and See also:

• ACTION

action of the tail pertain to her equally as to her See also:

• MATE (a corruption of make, from O. Eng. gemaca, a " comrade ")
• MATE, or PARAGUAY TEA

mate . The See also:

• NEST

nest is almost always placed in a hole of a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree or See also:

• BUILDING

building, and contains from five to seven eggs of a delicate greenish See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, occasionally sprinkled with faint red spots . The See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young on assuming their feathers See also:

• PRESENT

present a great resemblance to those of the See also:

• REDBREAST

redbreast (q.v.) at the same See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age; but the red tail, though of duller See also:

• HUE

hue than in the adult, forms even at this See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early age an easy means of distinguishing them . The redstart breeds regularly in all the counties of England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . It also reaches the extreme See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland; but in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland it is very rare . It appears throughout the whole of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in summer, and is known to See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter in the interior of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Several very nearly allied forms occur in See also:

• ASIA

Asia; and one, R. aurorea, in See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . A congeneric See also:

• SPECIES

species which has received the name of black redstart, Ruticilla titys,l is very See also:

• COMMON

common throughout the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of Europe, where, from its partiality for gardens in towns and villages, it is often better known than the preceding species . It yearly occurs in certain parts of England, chiefly along or near the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and curiously enough during the autumn and winter, since it is in central Europe only - a summer visitor, and it has by no means the high See also:

• NORTHERN

northern range of R. phoenicurus . The See also:

• MALES

males of the black redstart seem to be more than one See also:

• YEAR

year in acquiring their full plumage (a rare thing in Passerine birds), and since they have been known to breed in the intermediate See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage this fact has led to such birds being accounted a distinct species under the name of R. cairii, thereby perplexing ornithologists for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long while, though now almost all authorities agree that these birds are, in one sense, immature .

More than a dozen species of the genus Ruticilla have been described, and the greater number of them seem to belong to the Himalayan sub-region or its confines . One very See also:

• PRETTY

pretty and interesting See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is the R. moussieri of See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary, which See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies the redstart to the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone-chats (see See also:

• WHEATEAR

WHEATEAR), and of See also:

• LATE

late some authors have included it in that genus . In an opposite direction the bluethroats, apparently nearer to the redstarts than to any other type, are placed in the genus Cyanecula, containing two or three distinguishable forms: (I) C. suecica, with a bright bay spot in the middle of its clear blue throat, breeding in Scandinavia, Northern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, and wintering in See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, though rarely appearing in the intermediate countries, to the wonder of all who have studied the See also:

• MIGRATION

migration i The See also:

• ORTHOGRAPHY (from Gr. Opeoc, correct, right or straight, and yp&cbecv, to write)

orthography of the specific See also:

• TERM

term would seem to be titis (See also:

• ANN

Ann . Nat . See also:

• HISTORY

History, See also:

• SER

ser . ¢, X. p . 227), a word possibly cognate with the first syllable of titlark and See also:

• TITMOUSE (O. Eng. mase and tytmase, Ger. Meise, Swed. mes, Du. mees, Fr. mesange)

titmouse . of birds; (2) C. leucocyanea, with a white instead of a red gular spot, a more Western form, ranging from Barbary to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland; (3) C. wolfs, with its throat wholly blue—a form of comparatively rare occurrence . The first of these is a not infrequent, though very irregular, visitant to England, while the second has appeared there but seldom, and the third never, so far as is known . The redstarts with their allies mentioned in this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article belong to the subfamily Turdinae of the thrushes (q.v.) . In See also:

• AMERICA

America the name redstart has been bestowed upon a bird which has some curious outward resemblance, both in looks and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, to that of the Old See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

Country, though the two are in the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of some systematists nearly as widely separated from each other as truly Passerine birds well can be . The See also:

• AMERICAN

American redstart is Setophaga ruticilla, belonging to the purely New-See also:

• WORLD

World See also:

• FAMILY

family Mniotiltidae, and to a genus which contains about a dozen species, .cnging from See also:

• CANADA

Canada (in summer) to See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia .

(A .