See also:

• NAPOLEON

NAPOLEON See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

FRANCIS See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• NAPOLEON FRANCIS JOSEPH CHARLES REICHSTADT

REICHSTADT  , DuxE of (1811-1832), known by the Bonapartists as See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon II., was the son of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor Napoleon I. and See also:

• MARIE

Marie See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise, archduchess of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the loth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1811, in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris at the Tuileries See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . He was at first named the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, after the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of the heirs of .the emperors of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . By his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty seemed to be finally established; but in three years it crumbled in the dust . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the downfall of the empire (See also:

• APRIL

April 1814) Marie Louise and the king of Rome were at See also:

• BLOIS

Blois with See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph and See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte, who wished to keep them as hostages . This See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, however, was frustrated . Napoleon abdicated in favour of his son; but events prevented the reign of Napoleon II. from being more than titular . While Napoleon repaired to See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba, his See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort and See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child went to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna; and they remained in Austria during the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days (1815), despite efforts made by the Bonapartists to carry off the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince to his See also:

• FATHER

father at Paris . Meanwhile the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Vienna had carried out the conditions of the treaty of See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau (March 1814) whereby the duchies of See also:

• PARMA

Parma and See also:

• GUASTALLA

Guastalla were to go to the ex-Empress Marie Louise and her son, although much opposition was offered to this proposal by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII. and even (so it now appears) by Metternich . The See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret treaty of the 31st of May 1815 between Austria, See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia secured those possessions to her, her son bearing the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Prince of Parma, with hereditary rights for his descendants . But after the second See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of Napoleon in favour of his son (22nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1815)—a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition which was wholly nugatory—the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers opposed all participation of the prince in the affairs of Parma . He therefore remained in Austria, while Marie Louise proceeded to Parma: From this time onward he be-came, as it were, a See also:

• PAWN

pawn in the complex See also:

• GAME

game of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European politics, his claims being put forward sometimes by Metternich, sometimes by the unionists of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, while occasionally malcontents in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France used his name to discredit the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Bourbons .

The efforts of malcontents increased the resolve of the sovereigns never to allow a son of Napoleon to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear See also:

• RULE

rule; and in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1816 the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Vienna informed Marie Louise that her son could not succeed to the duchies . This decision was confirmed by the treaty of Paris of the loth of June 1817 . Marie Louise demanded as a slight See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation that he should have a title derived from the lands of the " Bavarian See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate " in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Bohemia, and the title of " See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• REICHSTADT, NAPOLEON FRANCIS JOSEPH CHARLES

Reichstadt " was therefore conferred on him on the 22nd of See also:

• JULY

July 1818 . Thus Napoleon I., who once averred that he would prefer that his son should be strangled rather than brought up as an See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian prince, lived to see his son reduced to a See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank inferior to that of the Austrian archdukes . His See also:

• EDUCATION

education was confided chiefly to See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Dietrichstein, who found him precocious, volatile, passionate and fond of military affairs . The same See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment was given by See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• MARMONT, AUGUSTE FREDERIC LOUIS VIESSE DE, DUKE OF RAGUSA (1774–1852)

Marmont, duke of See also:

• RAGUSA
• RAGUSA (Serbo-Croatian Dubrovnik)

Ragusa, who recognized the warlike See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain in his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . His nature was sensitive, as appeared on his receiving the See also:

• NEWS

news of the See also:

• DEATH

death of his father in 1821 . The upheaval in France in 1830 and the disturbances which ensued led many Frenchmen to turn their thoughts to Napoleon II.; but though Metternich dallied for a time with the French Bonapartists, he had no intention of inaugurating a Napoleonic revival . By this time, too, the duke's See also:

• HEALTH

health was on the decline; his impatience of all See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint and his See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence in See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical exercise far beyond his powers aggravated a natural weakness of the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest, and he died on the 22nd of July 1832 . See A . M . See also:

• BARTHELEMY
• BARTHELEMY, ANATOLE
• BARTHELEMY, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE (1796–1867)
• BARTHELEMY, FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1747 or 1750-1830)
• BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES (1716–1795)

Barthelemy and J .

P . A . Wry, Le See also:

• FILE

File de l'homme (Paris, 1829), See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron G . I . See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte de Montbel, Le Duc de Reichstadt (Paris, 1832) ; J. de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-F6lix, Histoire de Napoleon II . (Paris, 1853); See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy de l'See also:

• HERAULT

Herault, Histoire de Napoleon II . (Paris, 1853); Count Anton von Prokesch-Osten, Mein Verhaltniss zum See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog von Reichstadt (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1878) ; H . Welschinger, Le Roi de Rome (Paris, 1897) ; E. de Wertheimer, The Duke of Reichstadt (Eng. ed., See also:

• LONDON

London, 19o5); M . See also:

• ROSTAND, EDMOND (1869- )

Rostand's See also:

• PLAY

play L'Aiglon is a dramatic setting of the career of the prince . (J . He .