See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

HERMANN See also:

• SAMUEL

SAMUEL See also:

• HERMANN SAMUEL REIMARUS (1694-1768)

REIMARUS (1694-1768)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German philosopher and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of letters, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, on the and of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1694 . He was educated by his See also:

• FATHER

father and by the famous See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar J . A . See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius, whose son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law he subsequently became . He studied See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at See also:

• JENA

Jena, became Privatdozent in the university of See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg in 1716, and in 1720–21 visited See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In 1723 he became See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the high school at See also:

• WISMAR

Wismar in See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg, and in 1727 See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental languages in the high school of his native See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . This See also:

• POST

post he held till his See also:

• DEATH

death, though offers of more lucrative positions were made to him . His duties were See also:

• LIGHT

light, and he employed his leisure in the study of See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, philosophy, See also:

• HISTORY

history, See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy, natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and natural history, for which he made large collections . His See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was the centre of the highest culture of Hamburg, and a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in that city still remains in the Haus der patriotischen Gesellschaft, where the learned and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies partly founded by him still meet . He had seven See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, only three of whom survived him—the distinguished physician Johann Albrecht Heinrich, and two daughters, one of them being Elise, See also:

• LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM (1729–1781)

Lessing's friend and correspondent . He died on the 1st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1768 . See also:

• REIMARUS, HERMANN SAMUEL (1694-1768)

Reimarus's reputation as a scholar rests on the valuable edition of Dio See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius (1750—52) which he prepared from the materials collected by J .

A . Fabricius . He published a See also:

• WORK

work on See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic (Vernunftlehre als Anweisung zum richtigen Gebrauche der Vernunfi, 1756, 5th ed., 1790), and two popular books on the religious questions of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The first of these was a collection of essays on the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal truths of natural See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion (Abhandlungen von den vornehmsten Wahrheiten der naturlichen Religion, 1755, 7th ed., 1798); the second (Betrachtungen ilber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Triebe der Thiere, 1760, 4th ed., 1798) dealt with one particular See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the same subject . His philosophical position is essentially that of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• WOLFF (less correctly WOLF), CHRISTIAN (1679-1754)
• WOLFF, CASPAR FRIEDRICH (1733-1794)
• WOLFF, JOSEPH (1795–1862)

Wolff . But he is best known by his Apologie See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode/ Schutzschrift See also:

• FILE

file die vern,ilnftigen Verehrer Ganes (carefully kept back during his lifetime), from which, after his death, Lessing published certain chapters under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the See also:

• WOLFENBUTTEL

Wolfenbuttel Fragments (see LESSING) . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original MS. is in the Hamburg See also:

• TOWN

town library; a copy was made for the university library of See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1814, and other copies are known to exist . In addition to the seven fragments published by Lessing, a second portion of the work was issued in 1787 by C . A . E . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt (a See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym), under the title Uebrige noch ungedruckte Werke See also:

• DES

des Wolfenbutlelschen Fragmentisten, and a further portion by D . W .

Klose in Niedner's Zeitschrift fiir historische Theologie, 1850-52 . Two of the five books of the first See also:

• PART

part and the whole of the second part, as well as appendices on the See also:

• CANON

canon, remain unprinted . But D . F . See also:

• STRAUSS, DAVID FRIEDRICH (1808-1874)
• STRAUSS, JOHANN (1804-1849)
• STRAUSS, RICHARD (1864– )

Strauss has given an exhaustive See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the whole work in his See also:

• BOOK

book on Reimarus . The standpoint of the Apologie is that of pure naturalistic See also:

• DEISM (Lat. dens, god)

deism . Miracles and mysteries are denied, and natural religion is put forward as the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction of revealed . The essential truths of the former are the existence of a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Creator and the See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality of the soul . These truths are discoverable by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, and are such as can constitute the basis of a universal religion . A revealed religion could never obtain universality, as it could never be intelligible and credible to all men . Even supposing its possibility, the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible does not See also:

• PRESENT

present such a See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation . It abounds in See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error as to matters of fact, contradicts human experience, reason and morals, and is one See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue of folly, deceit, See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, selfishness and See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime .

Moreover, it is not a doctrinal compendium, or See also:

• CATECHISM (from Gr. Karnxeiv, teach by word of mouth)

catechism, which a revelation would have to be . What the Old Testament says of the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of See also:

• GOD

God is little, and that little worthless, while its writers are unacquainted with the second fundamental truth of religion, the immortality of the soul . The See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of the writers of the New Testament, as well as that of Jesus, was not to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach true rational religion, but to serve their own selfish ambitions, in promoting which they exhibit an amazing See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of conscious See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud and enthusiasm . It is important, however, to remember that Reimarus attacked See also:

• ATHEISM (from Gr. as, privative, and Oebs, God)

atheism with equal effect and sincerity, and that he was a man of high moral See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, respected and esteemed by his contemporaries . See also:

• MODERN

Modern estimates of Reimarus may be found in the See also:

• WORKS

works of B . Punjer, O . See also:

• PFLEIDERER, OTTO (1839—1908)

Pfleiderer and H . See also:

• HOFFDING, HARALD (1843– )

Hoffding . Punjer states the position of Reimarus as follows: " God is the Creator of the See also:

• WORLD

world, and His See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and goodness are conspicuous in it . Immortality is founded upon the essential nature of man and upon. the purpose of God in creation . Religion is conducive to our happiness and alone brings See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction . Miracles are at variance with the divine purpose; without miracles there could be no revelation " (Punjer, History of Christian Philosophy of Religion since See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant, Engl. trans., pp .

550-57, which contains an exposition of the Abhandlungen and Schutzschrift) . Pfleiderer says the errors of Reimarus were that he ignored See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, See also:

• SOURCES

sources, date, origin, &c., of documents, and the narratives were said to be either purely divine or purely human . He had no conception of an immanent reason (Philosophy of Religion, Eng. trans., vol. i. p . 102) . H . Hoffding also has a brief See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section on the Schutzschrift, stating its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main position as follows: " Natural religion suffices; a revelation is therefore superfluous . Moreover, such a thing is both physically and morally impossible . God cannot interrupt His own work by miracles; nor can He favour some men above others by revelations which are not granted to all, and with which it is not even possible for all to become acquainted . But of all doctrines that of eternal See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment is most contrary, Reimarus thinks, to true ideas of God, and it was this point which first caused him to stumble " (History of Modern Phil., Eng. trans . (1900), vol. ii. pp . 12, 13) . See the " Fragments " as published by Lessing, reprinted in vol. xv. of Lessing's Werke, Hempel's edition; D .

F . Strauss, H . S . Reimarus and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Schutzschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur die verniinftigen Verehrer Gottes (1862, 2nd ed . 1877); See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Voysey, Fragments from Reimarus (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1879) (a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the See also:

• LIFE

life of Reimarus by Strauss, with the second part of the seventh fragment, on the " See also:

• OBJECT

Object of Jesus and his Disciples ") ; the Lives of Lessing by Danzel and G . E . Guhrauer, Sime, and Zimmern; Kuno See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer, Geschichte der neuern Philosophie (vol. ii. pp . 759–72, 2nd ed . 1867) ; See also:

• ZELLER, EDUARD (1814-1908)

Zeller, Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie (2nd ed., 1875, pp . 243–46) .