JOHANN See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

JACOB See also:

• JOHANN JACOB REISKE (1716-1774)

REISKE (1716-1774)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and physician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 25th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1716 at Zorbig in Electoral See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony . From the Waisenhaus at See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle he passed in 1733 to the university of See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, and there spent five years . He tried to find his own way in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek literature, to which German See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools then gave little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention; but, as he had not mastered the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, he soon found this a sore task and took up Arabic . He was very poor, having almost nothing beyond his See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance, which for the five years was only two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred thalers . But everything of which he could cheat his appetite was spent on Arabic books, and when he had read all that was then printed he thirsted for See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, and in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1738 started on See also:

• FOOT

foot for See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, joyous though totally unprovided, on his way to See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden and the treasures of the Warnerianum . At Hamburg he got some See also:

• MONEY

money and letters of recommendation from the Hebraist See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf, and took See also:

• SHIP

ship to See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam . Here d'Orville, to whom he had an introduction, proposed to retain him as his See also:

• AMANUENSIS (a Latin word, derived from the phrase servus a menu, slave of the hand, a secretary)

amanuensis at a See also:

• SALARY

salary of six hundred guilders . See also:

• REISKE, JOHANN JACOB (1716-1774)

Reiske refused, though he thought the offer very generous; he did not want money, he wanted manuscripts . When he reached Leiden (See also:

• JUNE

June 6, 1738) he found that the lectures were over for the See also:

• TERM

term and that the See also:

• MSS

MSS.were not open to him . But d'Orville and A . See also:

• SCHULTENS

Schultens helped him to private teaching and See also:

• READING

reading for the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, by which he was able to live . He heard the lectures of A .

Schultens, and practised himself in Arabic with his son J . J . Schultens . Through Schultens too he got at Arabic MSS., and was even allowed sub See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

rosa to take them See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home with him . Ultimately he seems to have got See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the collection, which he re-catalogued--the See also:

• WORK

work of almost a whole summer, for which the curators rewarded him with nine guilders . Reiske's first years in Leiden were not unhappy, till he got into serious trouble by introducing emendations of his own into the second edition of See also:

• BURMANN, PIETER (1714-1778)

Burmann's See also:

• PETRONIUS (G. (?)1

Petronius, which he had to see through the press . His patrons withdrew from him, and his See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of perhaps becoming See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor was gone; d'Orville indeed soon came See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, for he could not do without Reiske, who did work of which his See also:

• PATRON

patron, after dressing it up in his own See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, took the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit . But A . Schultens was never the same as before to him; Reiske indeed was too See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, and hurt him by his open criticisms of his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's way of making Arabic mainly a handmaid of See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew . Reiske, however, himself admits that Schultens always behaved honourably to him . In 1742 by Schultens's See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice Reiske took up See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine as a study by which he might See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope to live if he could not do so by See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology . In 1746 he graduated as M.D., the fees being remitted at Schultens's intercession .

It was Schultens too who conquered the difficulties opposed to his See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation at the last moment by the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology on the ground that some of his theses had a materialistic See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring . On the loth of June 1746 he See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and settled in Leipzig, where he hoped to get medical practice . But his shy, proud natuee was not fitted to gain patients, and the Leipzig doctors would not recommend one who was not a Leipzig See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate . In 1747 an Arabic See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication to the electoral See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Saxony got him the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of professor, but neither the faculty of arts nor that of medicine was willing to admit him among them, and he never delivered a course of lectures . He had still to go on doing See also:

• LITERARY

literary task-work, but his labour was much worse paid in Leipzig than in Leiden . Still he could have lived and sent his old See also:

• MOTHER

mother, as his See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom was, a yearly See also:

• PRESENT

present of a piece of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather to be sold in See also:

• RETAIL

retail if he had been a better manager . But, careless for the morrow, he was always See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing at his own cost See also:

• GREAT

great books which found no buyers . His academical colleagues were hostile; and See also:

• ERNESTI, J
• ERNESTI, JOHANN AUGUST (1707-1781)
• ERNESTI, JOHANN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB (1756–1802)

Ernesti, under a show of friendship, secretly hindered his promotion . His unsparing reviews made See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• BLOOD

blood with the pillars of the university . At length in 1758 the magistrates of Leipzig rescued him from his misery by giving him the rectorate of St See also:

• NICOLAI, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1733-1811)

Nicolai, and, though he still made no way with the leading men of the university and suffered from the hostility of men like Ruhnken and J . D . See also:

• MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791)

Michaelis, he was compensated for this by the esteem of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great, of See also:

• LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM (1729–1781)

Lessing, See also:

• KARSTEN, KARL JOHANN BERNHARD (1782-1853)

Karsten See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr, and many See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign scholars .

The last See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of his See also:

• LIFE

life was made cheerful by his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Ernestine See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, who shared all his interests and learned Greek to help him with collations . In See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his gratitude her portrait stands beside his in the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the Oratores Graeci . Reiske died on the 14th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1774, and his MS. remains passed, through Lessing's See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation, to the Danish See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister Suhm, and are now in the See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen library . Reiske certainly surpassed all his predecessors in the range and quality of his knowledge of Arabic literature . It was the See also:

• HISTORY

history, the realia of the literature, that always interested him; he did not care for Arabic See also:

• POETRY

poetry as such, and the then much praised Hariri sewed to him a grammatical See also:

• PEDANT

pedant . He read the poets less for their verses than for such scholia as supplied See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical notices . Thus for example the scholia on Jarir furnished him with a remarkable See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the prevalence of Buddhist See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine and See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism in 'See also:

• IRAK

Irak under the Omayyads . In the Adnotationes historicae to his See also:

• ABULFEDA [Abu l-Fida' Ismail ibn 'Ali 'Imad-ud-Dni] (1273-1331)

Abulfeda (Abulf . Annales Moslemici, s vols., Copenhagen, 1789-91), he collected a veritable treasure of See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research; he knew the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine writers as thoroughly as the Arabic authors, and was alike at home in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• WORKS

works of travel in all See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval authorities . He was interested too in See also:

• NUMISMATICS
• NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

numismatics, and his letters on Arabic coinage (in See also:

• EICHHORN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1752-1827)
• EICHHORN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1781-1854)

Eichhorn's Repertorium, vols. ix.–xi.) See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, according to De Sacy, the basis of that See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of study . To comprehensive knowledge and very wide reading he added a sound historical See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . He was not, like Schultens, deceived by the pretended antiquity of the Yemenite Kasidas.l Errors no doubt he made, as in the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to ascertain the date of the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the See also:

• DAM

dam of Marib .

Though Abulfeda as a See also:

• LATE

late epitomator did not afford a starting- point for methodical study of the See also:

• SOURCES

sources, Reiske's edition with his version and notes certainly laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for research in Arabic history . The foundation of Arabic philology, however, was laid not by him but by De Sacy . Reiske's linguistic knowledge was great, but he used it only to understand his authors; he had no feeling for form, for See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language as language, or for See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre . In Leipzig Reiske worked mainly at Greek, though he continued to draw on his Arabic stores accumulated in Leiden . Yet his merit as an Arabist was sooner recognized than the value of his Greek work . Reiske the Greek scholar has been rightly valued only in See also:

• RECENT

recent years, and it is now recognized that he was the first German since See also:

• SYLBURG, FRIEDRICH (1536-1596)

Sylburg who had a living knowledge of the Greek See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue . His reputation does not See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest on his numerous See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, often hasty or even made to booksellers' orders, but in his remarks, especially his conjectures . He himself designates the Animadversationes in Scriptores Graecos as flos ingenii sui, and in truth these thin booklets outweigh his big editions . Closely following the author's thought he removes obstacles whenever he meets them, but he is so steeped in the language and thinks so truly like a Greek that the difficulties he feels often seem to us to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere points of style . His See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism is empirical and unmethodic, based on immense and careful reading, and applied only when he feels a difficulty; and he is most successful when he has a large See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of tolerably homogeneous literature to lean on, whilst on isolated points he is often at a loss . His corrections are often hasty and false, but a surprisingly large proportion of them have since received See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation from MSS . And, though his merits as a Grecian lie mainly in his conjectures, his See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism is See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in this See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere also; his German See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations especially show more freedom and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical insight, more feeling for actual life, than is See also:

• COMMON

common with the scholars of that See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age ?

For a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Reiske's writings see Meusel, xi . 192 seq . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Arabic works (all See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous) have been mentioned above . In Greek letters his chief works are Constantini Porphyrogeniti libri II. de ceremoniis aulae Byzant., vols. i. ii . (Leipzig, 1751–66), vol. iii . (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1829) ; Animadv. ad Graecos auctores (5 vols., Leipzig, 1751–66) (the rest lies upprinted at Copenhagen) ; Oratorum Graec. quae supersunt (8 vols., Leipzig, 1770–73); App. crit. ad Demosthenem (3 vols., ib., 1774–75) ; See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus See also:

• TYR

Tyr . (ib., i 774) ; Plutarchus(11 vols., ib., 1774–79) ; Dionys See also:

• ITALIC

Italic . (6 vols., ib., 1774–77) ; See also:

• LIBANIUS (A.D. 314-393)

Libanius (4 vols., See also:

• ALTENBURG

Altenburg, 1784–97) . Various reviews in the Acta eruditorum and Zuverl . Nachrichten are characteristic and See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth reading . Compare D . Johann See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Reiskens von ihin selbst aufgesetzte Lebensbeschreibung (Leipzig, 1783) .

(J . WE.) ), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French actress, was born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, the daughter of an actor . She was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• REGNIER, HENRI FRANCOIS JOSEPH DE (1864– )
• REGNIER, MATHURIN (1573–1613)

Regnier at the See also:

• CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

Conservatoire, and took the second See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize for See also:

• COMEDY

comedy in 1874 . Her debut was made the next See also:

• YEAR

year, during which she played attractively a number of See also:

• LIGHT

light—especially soubrette—parts . Her first great success was in See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• MEILHAC, HENRI (1831-1897)

Meilhac's Ma camarade (1883), and she soon became known as an emotional actress of rare gifts, notably in Decore, Germinie Lacerteux, Ma cousine, A moureuse and Lysisirata . In 1892 she married M . Porel, the director of the See also:

• VAUDEVILLE

Vaudeville See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, but the marriage was dissolved in 1905 . Her performances in Madame Sans Gene (1893) made her as well known in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• AMERICA

America as in Paris, and in later years she appeared in characteristic parts in both countries, being particularly successful in Zaza and La Passerelle . She opened the Theatre See also:

• REJANE, GABRIELLE

Rejane in Paris in 1906 . The essence of French vivacity and animated expression appeared to be concentrated in Madame Rejane's acting, and made her unrivalled in the parts which she had made her own .