RELATIVES OF THE

PROPHET  1 1 . Family of 'Abd al-Mo(talib, Mahomet's maternal grandfather:—*' Abbas (d . A.H . 32 or 34), *IIamza (d . A.H . 3),'Abdallah, father of the 1 * is prefixed to names which figure on occasions which seem to be historical . Female names are in italics . Prophet, *Abu Talib (said to be named 'Abd Manaf), ? *Zubair, Harith, Hajal, Moqawwam, 1lirar, *Abu Lahab (said to be named 'Abd al-'Uzza, d . A.H . 2), *Safiyyah (d . A.H .

20), Umm Hakim, al-Baida, 'Atikah, Umaimah, Arwa, Barrah . 2 . Family of Abu Talib:—*'Agil (d. after A.H . 40), *Ja'far (d . A.H . 8), Talib, Tulaiq, '

Ali, the caliph, Umm Hani', Jumanah, Railah . 3 . Family of Mahomet . Wives:—*Khadija (Children :—Qasim ; ? 'Abd Manaf (Tahir, Tayyib); *Zainab m . Abu'l-'As b . Rabi', d .

A.H . 7 ; *Ruqayyah, m . '

Othman b . 'Allan, d . A.H . 2 ; *Umm Kulthum m . 'Othman b . 'Affan, d . A.H . 9; *F(itimah, m. d . A.H . II): *Saudah bint Zam'ah,? d .

A.H . 54, *'A'ishah (Ayesha) bint A bi Bekr (d . A.H . 56), *Hafsa bint '

Omar (d . A.H . 45 or 47), *Zainab bint Khuzaimah, d. before A.H . II, *Zainab bint Jahsh, d . A.H . 20, *Umm Salimah, d . A.H . 59, *Maimunah, d . A.H .

38, *Juwairiyah, d . A.H . 56, *Umm Habibah Ramkih bint Abi Sofian, d . A.H . 44 . Concubines:—*Safiyyah bint Huyyay, d . A.H . 36, *Raihanah bint Zaid, *Mdriyah the Copt, d . A.H . 15 or 16,

mother of Ibrahim . (Other names given by Ibn Sa'd, vol. viii.) Chronological Table of Chief Events in the Life of Mahomet.' ? 570 Birth .

? 595

Marriage with Khadija . ? 610 Commencement of call . ? 613 Public appearance . 616 Persian conquest of the nearer East . ? 617 Flight of his followers to Abyssinia . ? 618–619 Siege in Mecca . Retractation and subsequent repudiation . Death of Abu Talib and Khadija . ? 62o Flight to Taif . 622 July 16 . Beginning of the Moslem era . Sept .

20 . Arrival at Kuba after the Flight . 632

Jan . 27 . Death of his son Ibrahim . 632 June 7 . Death of Mahomet . The following dates are given by the Arabic historians according to their own calendar . For the reasons which have been seen it is impossible to obtain certain synchronisms . A.H . 2 . Rajab I .

Raid of 'Abdallah b . Jahsh to Nakhlah . Ramadan 19 . Battle of Badr . Shawwal 15 . Attack on the Banu Qainuqa . 3 . Rabia I . 14 . Assassination of Ka'b b. al-Ashraf . Shawwal 7 . Battle of Uhud .

4 . $aphar .

Massacre of Mahomet's 70 missionaries at Bi'r Ma'unah . Rabia I . Attack on the Banu Nadir . Dhu'l-Qa'da . Abortive raid called " the lesser Badr." 5 . Shaaban 2 . Attack on the Banu'l-Muqaliq (according to Waqidi) . Dhu'l-Qa'da . Battle of the Trench . Massacre of the Banu Quraizah .

6 . Jomada i .

Capture of a caravan by Zaid b . IJarithah . Futile attempt to assassinate Abu Sofian . Dhu'1-Qa'da . Affair of Hodaibiyah . 7 . Jomada i . Taking of Khaibar . Mission extended to the world . Dhu'l-Qa'da .

Pilgrimage to Mecca (called 'umrat algadiyyah) 8 Jomada i . Expedition to Mutah . Ramadan 20 . Taking of Mecca . Shawwal . Battle of Honain . Attack on Taif . 9 . Mubarram . Tax-gatherers sent over Arabia . Rajab . Expedition to Tabuk .

Rival Mosque built at Kuba, destroyed on Mahomet's return to Medina . Dhu'l-IIijja . Pilgrimage conducted by Abu Bekr . Abolition of idolatry in Arabia . to . Ramadan . Expedition of `Ali to Yemen . Dhu'l-Qa'da . " Farewell Pilgrimage." 1I . $aphar . Expedition ordered against the Byzantines . - Companions of the Prophet .

The sahabah, as they are called, are the subject of a vast literature, and the

biographical dictionaries devoted to them, of which the best known are the Usd ul-gheiba of the historian Ibn Athir and the Isabah of Ibn Hajar al-'Asgalani, enumerate many thousands . The following two lists are of special groups . - (a) Nagibs, i.e. leaders selected by Mahomet from the Medinese tribes: i . Khazrajites:—As'ad b . Zurarah, Sa'd b. al-Rabi', 'Abdallah b . Rawabah, al-Bars' b . Ma'rur, 'Abdallah b . 'Amr b . Haram, 'Ubadah b. al-$amit, Sa'd b . 'Ubadah, al-Mondhir b . 'Amr; ii . Ausites: Usaid b .

Hudair, Sa'd b . Khaithamah, Rifa'ah b . 'Abd al-Mondhir . (b) Commanders of Expeditions: names occurring in (a) are not repeated: 'Abdallah b . Jahsh, `Abd ar-

Rab man b . 'Auf, Abu Bekr, Abu Qatadah, Abu 'Ubaidah b. al-Jarrab, 'Ali, 'Alqamah b . Mujazziz, 'Amr b. al-'As (ibn el-Ass), Bashir b . Sa'd, Uabbak b . Sofian, Ghalib b . 'Abdallah, Ibn Abi'l-Auja, Ka'b b . 'Umair, Khalid b. al-Walid, Kurz b . Jarir, Marthad b .

Abi Marthad, Mubammad b . 1 Dates are given A.D . Maslamah, Qutbah b . '

Amir, Sa'd b . Abi Waggas, Sa'd d . Zaid, Salama b . `Abd al-Asad, Shuja' b . Wahb, 'Ubaidah b. al-Harith, 'Ukkashah b . Mil an, 'Umar b. al-Khattab, Usamah b . Zaid, 'Uyainah b . Him, Zaid b . I;Iarithah .

Lives of the Prophet (t indicates that the

work is lost) ; f'Urwah b . Zubair (d . 712–713) ; tMusa b . 'Ukbah (d . 758–759) ; tMohammed b . Isbaq (d . 768) ; Mohammed b . Hisham (d . 828–829), ed . Wustenfeld (Gottingen, 186o) ; reprinted in Egypt by Zubair Pasha, a series of excerpts from the last; Mohammed b . Omar al-Waqidi (d . 823), portion published by Kremer (Calcutta, 1855), abridged trans. of a fuller copy by Wellhausen, Muhammad in Medina (Berlin, 1882); Mohammed b .

Sa'd (d . 844–845), an encyclopaedic work on the

history of Mahomet and his followers, called Tabagat, ed . Sachau and others (Berlin, foil.) ; Mohammed b . Jarir al-Tabari (see TABARI) . Many more writers on this subject are enumerated in the Fihrist, cf . Sprenger's Leben Muhammads, iii . 54-76 . Among the most popular compilers of later times are: Ibn al-Athir (q.v.) al Jazari, the historian (d . 1233) ; Abmad b . Ali al Kastalani (d . A.D . 1517), whose al-Mawahib al-Laduniyyah was published with commentary (Cairo, 1278) ; I Iosain b .

Mohammed al Diyarbakri (d . 1574) whose work Ta'rikh al-Khamis was published in Cairo, A.H . 1382; 'Ali b . Burhan al-din al-Ijalabi (d . A.D . 1634), whose

biography called Insan al-'uyun was published in Cairo, A.H . 1292 . To these must be added all the collections of Tradition . Modern Authorities.—The critical study of the Life of Mahomet be-gins in Europe with the publication by Th . Gagnier in 1723 of the Life by Abulfeda (q.v.) . Presently there appeared an apologetic biography by Henri Cmte. de Boulainvilliers (2nd ed., Amsterdam, 1731), to which Gagnier replied in 1732 (La Vie de Mahomet, traduite, &c. ibid.) . The next considerable advance in the treatment of the subject is marked by the biography of G .

Weil (Muhammed der Prophet,

Stuttgart, 1843), which is wholly without religious bias; the popular life by Washington Irving (London, 1849) is based on this . That by J . L . Merrick (the Life and Religion of Mohammed, -Boston, U.S.A., 185o) rests on Shiite sources . The search for MSS. in India con-ducted by A . Sprenger led to the discovery of fresh material, which was utilized by Sprenger himself in his unfinished Life of Mohammad (Pt . 1, Allahabad, 1851), and his more elaborate Das Leben and die Lehre des Mohammad (Berlin, 1861–1865), and by Sir William Muir in his Life of Mahomet, London, 1858–1861) 4 vols.: afterwards abridged in one volume and reprinted . These are still the standard treatises on thesubject; the pro-Christian bias of Muirisvery marked, while Sprenger has hazarded numerous conjectures on subjects with which he had little familiarity . The biography by S . W . Koelle, Mohammed and Mohammedanism (London, 1889), is pro-Christian, the popular work of Syed Ameer Ali The Spirit of Islam, (London, 1896) an apology for Mahommedanism . Later treatises, resting on original authorities, are those by H .

Grimme Mohamed, (

Munster, 1892, and Munich, 1904), F . Buhl, Mohameds Liv (Copenhagen, 1903—Danish: since translated into German), D . S . Margoliouth Mohammed and the Rise of Islam (N.Y., 1905, &c.), and Prince Caetani Annuli del Islam, i. ii . (Milan, 1905-1907) . For the direction of public opinion in Mahomet's favour the Lecture on The Hero as Prophet in Carlyle's Heroes and Hero-worship (London, 1846) was singularly effective; his views were enforced by R . Bosworth Smith Mohammed and Mohammedanism, (London, 1873, &e.) . A some-what similar line was taken in France by J . Barthelemy Saint-Hilaire, Mahomet et le Coran, (Paris, 1865), while the Vie de Mahomet d'apres la Tradition of E . Lamairesse and G . Dujarric (Paris, 1897) is written entirely from the Moslem standpoint . See further CALIPHATE, ad init.; MAHOMMEDAN INSTITUTIONS; MAHOMMEDAN LAW; MAHOMMEDAN RELIGION .

(D . S .