RENAUD DE See also:

• MONTAUBAN
• MONTAUBAN, ARTHUR DE (d. 1479)

MONTAUBAN (Rinaldo di Montalbano)  , one of the most famous figures of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . His See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story was attached to the geste of Doon of Mayence by the 13th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• TROUVERE

trouvere who wrote the chanson de geste of Renaus de See also:

• MONTAUBAN
• MONTAUBAN, ARTHUR DE (d. 1479)

Montauban, better known perhaps as See also:

• LES

Les quatre fils A ymon . The four sons of Aymon give their name to inns and streets in nearly every See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and the numerous See also:

• PROSE

prose versions show what a hold the story gained on the popular See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination . Renaud's See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword Floberge, and his See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse See also:

• BAYARD, PIERRE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE (1473–1524)
• BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS (1828-1898)

Bayard passed with him into popular See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend . The poem of Renaus de Montauban opens with the story of the dissensions between See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne and the sons of Doon of Mayence, Beuves d'Aigremont, Doon de See also:

• NANTEUIL, ROBERT (1623-1678)

Nanteuil and Aymon de Dordone . The rebellious vassals are defeated by the imperial See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army near See also:

• TROYES

Troyes, and, See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace established, Aymon rises in favour at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and supports the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, even in his persecution of his four sons, Renaud, See also:

• ALARD, JEAN DELPHIN (1815-1888)

Alard, See also:

• GUICHARD, KARL GOTTLIEB (1724—1775)

Guichard and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard . A second See also:

• FEUD

feud arises from a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel between Renaud and Bertolai, Charlemagne's See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, over a See also:

• GAME

game of See also:

• CHESS

chess, in the course of which Renaud kills Bertolai with the chess-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board . The See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero then mounts his steed Bayard, and escapes with his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers to the See also:

• ARDENNES

Ardennes, where they build the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Montessor overlooking the See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse . At See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau Renaud, near See also:

• SEDAN

Sedan, there existed in the 18th century a ruined castle with a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower called the " tour Maugis " and the reputed See also:

• STABLE

stable of Bayard . The outlaws are eventually persuaded to seek their See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune outside Charlemagne's See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and See also:

• CROSS

cross the See also:

• LOIRE

Loire to take service with See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• YON (1822-1847)

Yon of See also:

• GASCONY (Wasconia)

Gascony against the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens, accompanied by their See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, the enchanter Maugis . Yon, however, is compelled by Charlemagne to withdraw his See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, and the castle of Montauban, which the brothers have built on the See also:

• DORDOGNE

Dordogne, is besieged by the emperor . They next seek See also:

• REFUGE

refuge beyond the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, and sustain a third See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege at Tremoigne (See also:

• DORTMUND

Dortmund), after which the emperor is persuaded by the barons to make peace .

Bayard is abandoned to Charlemagne, and thrown into the Meuse, only to rise again . He still gallops over the hills of the Ardennes on St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's See also:

• EVE

Eve . Renaud, who throughout the story is a type of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian and chivalric virtues, makes a See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land and is invested with some of the exploits of See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

Godfrey de See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon . On his return he gives himself up to See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, working as a See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

mason on the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter at See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, where he receives martyrdom at the hands of his jealous See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-labourers . The story is closely connected with the legend of See also:

• GIRARD, JEAN BAPTISTE [known as " Le Pere Girard " or" Le Pere Gregoire "] (1765-185o)
• GIRARD, PHILIPPE HENRI DE (1775-1845)
• GIRARD, STEPHEN (1750-1831)

Girard de See also:

• ROUSSILLON

Roussillon . The chanson de geste of Renaus de Montauban falls into sections which had probably been originally the subject of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate recitals . These may have arisen at different See also:

• DATES

dates, and were not necessarily told in the first instance of the same See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Renaud on the crusade beingobviously a See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• INTERPOLATION (from Lat. interpolare, to alter, or insert something fresh, connected with pollee, a polish)

interpolation . The outlaw See also:

• LIFE

life of the brothers in the Ardennes bears the marks of trustworthy popular tradition, and it was even at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time suggested that the Gascon and Rhenish episodes were reduplications of the story of Montessor . The connexion of the four brothers with Montessor, Dortmund, Mayence and Cologne, and the abundant See also:

• LOCAL

local tradition, See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the heroes as originating from the region between the Rhine and the Meuse . Nevertheless, their adventures in Gascony are corroborated by See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, and this See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the poem is the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest . The enemy of Renaud was See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Martel, not Charlemagne; Yon was See also:

• ODO

Odo of Gascony, known indifferently as See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, or king; the victory over the Saracens at See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, in which the brothers are alleged . to have taken See also:

• PART

part, was won by him in 721, and in 719 he sheltered refugees from the dominions of Charles Martel, See also:

• CHILPERIC

Chilperic II., king of See also:

• NEUSTRIA

Neustria, and his See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, Raginfred, whom he was compelled to abandon . In a local See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of Cologne it is stated that See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Reinoldus died in 697, and in the Latin rhythmical Vita his martyrdom is said to have taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place under See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Agilnlf (d .

717) . Thus the romance was evidently composite before it took its place in the Carolingian See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy Renaud had his greatest See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue . His connexion with the treacherous See also:

• FAMILY

family of Mayence was thrust into the back-ground, and many episodes were added, as well as the personage of the hero's See also:

• SISTER

sister, Bradamante . Rinaldo di Montalbano had been the subject of many Italian poems before Il Rinaldo of See also:

• TASSO, TORQUATO (1544-1595)

Tasso .