See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

REPUBLIC (See also:

• LAT

Lat. respublica, a commonweal or See also:

• COMMON

common-See also:

• WEALTH

wealth)  , a See also:

• TERM

term now universally understood to mean a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, or polity, in which the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government is elective, and in which those things which are the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of all are decided upon by all . This is notoriously a very See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the term . In the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• WORLD

world of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome the See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise was in the hands of a minority, who were surrounded by, and who governed, a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority composed of men personally See also:

• FREE

free but not possessed of the franchise, and of slaves . Modern writers have often used respublica, and literal See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, as meaning only the state, even when the head was an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, provided that he held his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place according to See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and ruled by law . " See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic," to quote one example only of many, was so used by See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• BODIN, JEAN (1530-1596)

Bodin, whose See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, commonly known by its Latin name De Republica Libri See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

Sex, first appeared in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 1577 . Englishmen of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages habitually spoke of the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, though they had no conception that they could be governed except by a king with hereditary right . The coins of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the inscription "Republique francaise, Napoleon Empereur." Except as an arbitrary term of See also:

• ART

art, or as a rhetorical expression, " republic " has, however, always been understood to mean a state in which the head holds his place by the choice of his subjects . See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland was a republic because its king had in earlier times to be accepted, and in later times was chosen by a See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy composed of gentry . See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice was a republic, though after the " closing of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council " the franchise was confined to a strictly limited See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, which was itself in practice dominated by a small See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy . The seven states which formed the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands were republics from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they renounced their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II., though they See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose to be governed by a See also:

• STADTHOLDER (Du. stadhouder, a delegate or representative)

stadtholder to whom they delegated large See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and though the choice of the stadtholder was made by a small See also:

• BODY

body of burghers who alone had the franchise . The varieties are many . What, however, is emphatically not a republic is a state in which the ruler can truly tell his subjects that the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty resides in his royal See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, and that he is king, or See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar, " pure and absolute," by the See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of See also:

• GOD

God, even though he may hasten to add that " absolute " is not " despotic," which means government without regard to law .

The See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, where the king reigns theoretically by the grace of God, but in fact by a See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title and under the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

Settlement, is, like the whole See also:

• BRITISH

British constitution, unique . There is in fact a fundamental incompatibility between the conceptions of government as a commonwealth and as an institution based on a right See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people's will . Where the two views endeavour to live together one of two things must happen . The ruler will confiscate the rights of the community to himself and will become the embodiment of sovereignty, which is what happened in most of the states of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the middle ages; or the community, acting through some body politic which is its virtual representative, will confine the head of . the government to defined functions . The question of See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation is dealt with separately (see REPRESENTATION), but the conception of a republic in which all See also:

• MALES

males, who do not belong to an inferior and barbarous See also:

• RACE

race, See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage is one which would never have been accepted in the ancient or See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval world, for it is based on a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of which they knew nothing, —the See also:

• POLITICAL

political rights of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . When the Scottish reformer See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox based his claim to speak on the government of the See also:

• REALM

realm on the fact that he was " a subject See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born within the same " he advanced a pretension very new to his See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . But.it was one which was fated to achieve a great See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune . The right of the subject, simply as a member of the community, to a See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in the community in which he was born, and on which his happiness depended, implied all " the rights of man " as they were to be stated by the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, and again by the French in 1789 . As they could be vindicated only by revolt against monarchical governments in the old world and the new, and as they were incompatible with all the convictions which make See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy possible, they embodied themselves in the modern democratic republics of Europe and See also:

• AMERICA

America . It is a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of government not much more like the republic of antiquity and the middle ages than the French sans-culottes was like See also:

• HARMODIUS

Harmodius and Aristogeiton, whom he admired for being what they most decidedly were not—believers in equality and fraternity . But it does, subject to the imperfections of human nature, set up a government in which all, theoretically at least, have a voice in what concerns all .