See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

CARDINAL DE See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

PAUL DE GONDI See also:

• CARDINAL DE JEAN FRANCOIS PAUL DE GONDI RETZ (1614-1679)
• RETZ, SEIGNEURS AND DUKES OF

RETZ (1614-1679)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French churchman and agitator, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Montmirail in 1614 . The See also:

• FAMILY

family was one of those which had been introduced into See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici, but it acquired See also:

• GREAT

great estates in See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany and became connected with the noblest houses of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . It may be added that See also:

• RETZ, JEAN FRANCOIS PAUL DE GONDI, CARDINAL DE (1614-1679)
• RETZ, SEIGNEURS AND DUKES OF

Retz himself always spelt his designation " See also:

• RAIS (or RETZ), GILLES DE (1404-1440)

Rais." He was the third son, and according to See also:

• TALLEMANT, GEDEON, SIEUR DES REAUX (1619—1692)

Tallemant See also:

• DES

des Reaux was made a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta on the very See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . The See also:

• DEATH

death of his second See also:

• BROTHER

brother, however, destined him for a closer connexion with the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . The family of Retz had military traditions, but it had also much church See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and, despite the very unclerical leanings of the future See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal, which were not corrected by the teachings of his See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent de See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, the intentions of his family never varied respecting him . By unanimous consent his See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance was not that of a soldier . He was See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, near-sighted, ugly and exceptionally awkward . Retz, however, despite the little inclination which he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt towards clerical See also:

• LIFE

life, entered into the disputes of the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne with vigour, and when he was scarcely eighteen wrote the remarkable Conjuration de Fiesque, a little See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay, of which he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew the material from the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian of Augustino Mascardi, but which is all his own in the negligent vigour of the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and the audacious insinuation, if nothing more, of revolutionary principles . Retz received no preferment of importance during See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu's life, and See also:

• EVE

eve's after the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister's death, though he was presented to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIII. and well received, he found a difficulty in attaining the coadjutorship with reversion of the archbishopric of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . But almost immediately after the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's death See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria appointed him to the coveted See also:

• POST

post on All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints' Eve, 1643 . Retz, who had, according to some accounts, already plotted against Richelieu, set himself to See also:

• WORK

work to make the utmost See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital out of his position . His See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, who was old, indolent and absurdly proud, had lived in great seclusion; Retz, on the contrary, gradually acquired a very great influence with the populace of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city .

This influence he gradually turned against See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin . No one had more to do than Retz with the outbreak of the See also:

• FRONDE, THE

Fronde in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1648, and his See also:

• HISTORY

history for the next four years is the history of that confused and, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, much misunderstood See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . Of the two parties who joined in it Retz could only depend on the bourgeoisie of Paris . The fact, moreover, that although he had some speculative tendencies in favour of popular liberties, and even perhaps of republicanism, he represented no real political principle, inevitably weakened his position, and when the break up of the Fronde came he was See also:

• LEFT

left in the See also:

• LURCH

lurch, having more than once in the meanwhile been in no small danger from his own party . One stroke of See also:

• LUCK

luck, however, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to him before his downfall . He was made cardinal almost by See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident, and under a misapprehension on the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope's See also:

• PART

part . Then, in 1652, he was arrested and imprisoned, first at See also:

• VINCENNES

Vincennes, then at See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes; he escaped, however, after two years' captivity, and for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time wandered about in various countries . He made his appearance at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome more than once, and had no small influence in the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VII . He was at last, in 1662, received back again into favour by Louis XIV. and on more than one occasion formally served as See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to Rome . Retz, however, was glad in making his See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace to resign his claims to the archbishopric of Paris . The terms were, among other things, his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich abbacy of St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis and his restoration to his other benefices with the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of arrears . The last seventeen years of Retz's life were passed partly in his See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic duties (he was again in Rome at the papal election of 1668), partly at Paris, partly at his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn-See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy, but latterly at St Mihiel in See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine .

His debts were enormous, and in 1675 he resolved to make over to his creditors all his income except twenty thousand livres, and, as he said, to " live for " them . This See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan he carried out, though he did not succeed in living very See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, for he died at Paris on the 24th See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1679 . One of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authorities for the last years of Retz is Madame de See also:

• SEVIGNE, MARIE DE

Sevigne, whose connexion he was by See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . Retz and La Rochefoucauld, the greatest of the Frondeurs in See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, were See also:

• PERSONAL

personal and political enemies, and each has left a portrait of the other . La Rochefoucauld's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the cardinal is on the whole harsh but scarcely unjust, and one of its sentences formulates, though in a manner which has a certain recoil upon the writer, the great defect of Retz's conduct: " I1 a suscite See also:

• LES

les plus grands desordres dans 1'etat sans avoir un dessein forme de s'en prevaloir." He would have been less, and certainly less favourably, remembered if it had not been for his See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs . They were certainly not written till the last ten years of his life, and they do not go further than the See also:

• YEAR

year 1655 . They are addressed in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of narrative to a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady who is not known, though guesses have been made at her identity, some even suggesting Madame de Sevigne herself . In the be-ginning there are some gaps . They display, in a rather irregular style and with some oddities of See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect and phrase, extraordinary narrative skill and a high degree of ability in that See also:

• SPECIAL

special artof the r 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century—the See also:

• DRAWING

drawing of verbal portraits or characters . Few things of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind are See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• BARRICADE, or BARRICADO (from the Span. barricada, from barrica, a cask, casks filled with earth having been early used to form barricades)

barricade of the Fronde in which the writer had so great a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share, the hesitations of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, the bold See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure of the coadjutor himself into the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and the final See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the insurgents . See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas) who has See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from this passage one of his very best scenes in Vingt ans Ores, has done little but throw Retz into See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue and amplify his See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and incidents . Besides these memoirs and the very striking youthful essay of the Conjuration de Fiesque, Retz has left diplomatic papers, sermons, Mazarinades and See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence in some considerable quantity .

The Memoirs of the cardinal de Retz were first published in a very imperfect See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition in 1717 at See also:

• NANCY

Nancy . The first satisfactory edition was that which appearod in the twenty-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the collection of See also:

• MICHAUD, JOSEPH FRANCOIS (1767–1839)

Michaud and Poujoulat (Paris, 1836) . They were then re-edited from the autograph See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript by See also:

• GERUZEZ, NICOLAS EUGENE (1799-1865)

Geruzez (Paris, 1844), and by See also:

• CHAMPOLLION, JEAN FRANCOIS (1790–1832)

Champollion-See also:

• FIGEAC

Figeac with the Mazarinades, &c . (Paris, 1859) . In 1870 a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of the See also:

• WORKS

works of Retz was begun by M . A . Feillet in the collection of Grands Ecrivains . The editor dying, this passed into the hands of M . Gourdault and then into those of M . Chantelauze, who had already published studies on the connexion of St Vincent de Paul with the Gondi family, &c . (1882) . (G .