See also:

• REVAL, or REVEL (Russ. Revel, formerly Kolyvan; Esthonian, Tallina and Tannilin)

REVAL, or REVEL (Russ. Revel, formerly Kolyvan; Esthonian, Tallina and Tannilin)  , a fortified seaport See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• ESTHONIA (Ger. Ehstland and Ehshland, Esthonian Eestimae and Meie-maa, also Viroma and Rahvama; Lettish Iggaun Senna)

Esthonia, situated on a See also:

• BAY

bay on the S. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the gulf of See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland, 230 M . W. of St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg by See also:

• RAIL

rail . See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope (1900) 66,292, of whom See also:

• HALF

half were Esthonians and 3o% Germans . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city consists of two parts—the Domberg or Dom, which occupies a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, and the See also:

• LOWER

lower town on the See also:

• BEACH

beach . The Dom contains the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle (first built in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, rebuilt in 1772), where the provincial See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration has its seat, and a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral (1894–1900) with five gilded domes . It has its own administration, See also:

• SEPARATE

separate from that of the lower town . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, built in 1317, contains many antiquities of the former See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic times and old See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German paintings . The Dom church contains many interesting See also:

• SHIELDS, JAMES (181b-1879)

shields, as also the See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves of the circumnavigator See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron A . J. von See also:

• KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN (1770-1846)

Krusenstern (1770-1846), of the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish soldiers See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus de la Gardie (d . 1585) and Carl See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn (d. their), and of the Bohemian See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• MATTHIAS
• MATTHIAS (1557-1619)

Matthias von Thurn (r580-164o) . The church of St Olai, first erected in 1240, and often rebuilt, was completed in 184o in See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style; it has a See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 456 ft. high . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest church is the Esthonian, built in 1219 .

The public institutions include a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good provincial museum of antiquities; an imperial See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, Katharinenthal, built by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great in 1719; and very valuable archives, preserved in the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall (14th century) . The pleasant situation of the town attracts thousands of See also:

• PEOPLE

people for See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-bathing . It is the seat of a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty and of the administration of the Baltic lighthouses . Its See also:

• PORT

port has a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 4 to 6 fathoms, and a roadstead 31 m. wide, which freezes nearly every See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . The exports consist chiefly of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• FLAX

flax, hides, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, a See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• ANCHOVY (Engraulis encrasicholus)

anchovy, and See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, and the imports of manufactured goods and machinery . The value of the aggregate See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade amounts to an See also:

• AVERAGE

average of seven to nine millions See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling annually . There is considerable trade with Finland . Baltic Port, 3o m . W., is a sort of annex to the port of See also:

• REVAL, or REVEL (Russ. Revel, formerly Kolyvan; Esthonian, Tallina and Tannilin)

Reval . The high See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian See also:

• CRAG (a Celtic word, cf. Gael. creag, Manx creg, and Welsh and modern Scots craig)

crag now known as Domberg was See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early occupied by an Esthonian fort, Lindanissa . In 1219 the Danish See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king Valdemar II. erected here a strong castle and founded the first church .. In 1228 the castle was taken by the Livonian Knights, but nine years later it returned to the Danes .

About the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck and See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen merchants settled there, and their See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement became an important seaport of the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League . It was fortified early in the 14th century, and in 1343 sustained a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by the revolted Esthonians . Valdemar III. sold Reval and Esthonia to the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic Knights in 1346, but on the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, in 1561, Esthonia and Reval surrendered to the Swedish king Erik XIV . A great conflagration in 1433, the pestilence of 1532, the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment by the Danes in 1569, and the Russo-Livonian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, destroyed its trade . The Russians besieged Reval twice, in 1570 and 1577 . It was still an important fortress, having been enlarged and fortified by the Swedes . In 1710 it was surrendered to Peter the Great, who immediately began the erection of a military eort for his Baltic See also:

• FLEET

fleet . His successors continued to fortify the See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to Reval from the sea, large See also:

• WORKS

works being undertaken, especially in the early years of the 19th century .