See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

RHODESIA (so named after See also:

• CECIL

Cecil See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes)  , an inland See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, bounded S. and S.W. by the See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal, the See also:

• BECHUANALAND (a name given from its inhabitants, the Bechuana, q.v.)

Bechuanaland See also:

• PROTECTORATE

Protectorate and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German South-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Africa; W. by Portuguese West Africa . N.W. by Belgian See also:

• CONGO

Congo; N.E. by German See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Africa; E. by the British Nyasaland Protectorate and Portuguese East Africa . It covers an See also:

• AREA

area of about 450,000 sq. m., being larger than See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries combined . It is divided into two parts of unequal See also:

• SIZE

size by the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle course of the See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi . See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

Rhodesia, with an area of 148,575 sq. m., consists of Matabeleland and Mashonaland, the western and eastern provinces, while the trans-Zambezi regions are divided into See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Western Rhodesia (or Barotseland) and North-Eastern Rhodesia . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Rhodesia forms See also:

• PART

part of the high tableland which constitutes the interior of Africa . south of the Congo See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin . Hydrographically the greater part of the country belongs to the basin of the Zambezi (q.v.), but in the N.E. it includes the eastern headstreams of the Congo, and in the S. and S.E. it is drained by the tributaries of the See also:

• LIMPOPO, or CROCODILE

Limpopo, the Sabi and the Pungwe . The Limpopo forms the boundary between Southern Rhodesia and the Transvaal . The north-western regions, drained by the upper Zambezi and its affluents, are described under BAROTSELAND, and North-Eastern Rhodesia, together with the adjacent Nyasaland Protectorate, under BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA . The highest portion of the tableland of Southern Rhodesia runs from the S.W. to the N.E. and forms a broad See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed between the tributaries of the Zambezi flowing north and the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers flowing south and east . It is along this high See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau that the railway runs from See also:

• BULAWAYO

Bulawayo to See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury and onwards to Portuguese East Africa . The See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the railway varies from 4500 ft. to 5500 ft .

There is a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual sloping away of the plateau to the N.W. and S.E., so that only a small portion of Southern Rhodesia is under 3000 ft . The eastern boundary, along Portuguese . East Africa, forms the edge of the, tableland; the height of the edge is accentuated. by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series 'of ridges, so that the country here assumes a mountainous See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, the grass-clad heights being reminiscent of the Cheviot Hills of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland or the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• ALPS

Alps of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The geology of this region is very imperfectly known . Metamorphic rocks extend over immense areas, but these and the other formations are to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent hidden beneath superficial deposits . Conglomerates and banded ironstone rocks are found in the metamorphic areas around Bulawayo and the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• KATANGA

Katanga; but to what extent these represent the different formations older than the See also:

• KARROO

Karroo and newer than the See also:

• SWAZILAND (native name Pungwane)

Swaziland See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists (see TRANSVAAL) has not been satisfactorily determined . Certain See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold-bearing conglomerates, are regarded as the equivalents of the Witwatersrand series, but the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SOURCES

sources of gold are the See also:

• VEINS

veins of See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz and igneous rocks See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the metamorphic series . The Karroo formation is well represented, and covers extensive areas in the Zambezi basin . The Dwyka See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate appears to be developed in the Tuli See also:

• DISTRICT

district . The See also:

• COAL

coal-bearing strata of Tuli and Wankies are certainly of Karroo See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . They have yielded the fossil remains of fishes Acrolepis molyneuxi, the fresh-See also:

• WATER

water mollusc Palaeomutela, a few reptilian bones, and See also:

• SPECIES

species of Glossopteris among See also:

• PLANTS

plants . The age of a widely distributed series of red-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white sandstones, named by See also:

• MOLYNEUX

Molyneux the See also:

• FOREST

Forest See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone, remains uncertain .

Molyneux considers them See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary, but it is not improbable that sandstones of various ages from Karroo to those of See also:

• RECENT

Recent date are represented . They contain numerous interbedded sheets of See also:

• BASALT

basalt, but it is doubtful if any of these are of so recent a date as Tertiary . Rocks of Karroo age occur See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• BANGWEULU

Bangweulu, and contain numerous fossil plants and a few small shells . . The age of the wide, thick See also:

• SHEET

sheet of basalt, through which the Zambezi has cut the Batoka See also:

• GORGE

gorge between the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria Falls and Wankies, temains uncertain.' i For geology see F . H . See also:

• HATCH
• HATCH, EDWIN (1835-1889)

Hatch, " Notes on the Geology of Mashonaland and Matabeleland," Geol . Mag., 1895; A . J . C . Molyneux, " The Sedimentary Deposits of Rhodesia," Quart . Journ . Geol .

See also:

• SOC

Soc., vol. lix . (1903) ; F . P . Mennel, " Geology of Rhodesia," British Association Handbook (Cape See also:

• TOWN

Town, 1905) ; G . W . Lamplugh, British Assoc . See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

Rep., South See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

Meeting, 1905 . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—As Southern Rhodesia extends between 16 ° S. and 22 ° S., and is thus within the tropics, it might be expected that the climate would be trying for Europeans, but owing to the elevation of the country the temperature is rarely too high for comfort . Another See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor that renders the climate equable. is that the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season coincides with the summer months, and the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter months are dry . The nights are always cool, so that the climate approximates to the ideal . On the high tableland which forms the great proportion of the country the temperature in the shade rarely reaches 10o° and there is just sufficient See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost in the winter to be useful to farmers . The winter months are See also:

• JUNE

June, See also:

• JULY

July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, and the hottest months are the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring months of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, See also:

• OCTOBER

October and See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, just before the rains begin .

A temperature of See also:

• I10

I10° is sometimes reached in the low-lying district of Tuli (elevation 1890 ft.) and in the Zambezi valley . There is a striking difference between the minimum temperatures on the ground and those registered 4 ft. from the ground . The latter rarely reach freezing-point, but the ground temperature is sometimes as low as 24° . See also:

• HOAR, SAMUEL (1778-1856)

Hoar frost is most noticeable in the vleis and low-lying areas . The See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period known as the rainy season extends from September to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, but the greatest amount falls in the last three months of that 'period . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall for various stations in the eastern See also:

• HALF

half of Rhodesia ranges from 24 to 44 in., the greatest rainfall being along the eastern border . For the western half the mean ranges from 19 to 27 in., but in the south-west corner it is much drier, the rainfall so far recorded never reaching 18 in . There is a sufficiency of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain for all summer crops, but winter crops, such as See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, must be assisted by See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation . See also:

• MALARIA

Malaria is prevalent in certain districts during the wet season, but this is now preventable and the country is very healthy, See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, especially in towns and on the high veld, growing sturdily . The See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• RATE

rate amongst Europeans is only about 15 per woo . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Rhodesia is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in the larger graminivorous animals, especially in See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope, which number about twenty-five varieties, including See also:

• KUDU (koodoo)

kudu, See also:

• ELAND (= elk)

eland, hartebeeste, See also:

• ROAN (0. Fr. rouan, rouen; Ital. roano, rovano; perhaps connected with rufus, red)

roan, See also:

• SABLE
• SABLE, AMERICAN
• SABLE, CHINESE
• SABLE, MADELEINE DE SOUVRE, MARQUISE DE (1599—1678)
• SABLE, RUSSIAN

sable, wildebeeste and impala . The most See also:

• COMMON

common are the See also:

• DUIKER (diver), or DUIKERBOK

duiker, the stembok and the rietbok .

Other herbivorous animals found in the country are the See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo, See also:

• GIRAFFE

giraffe, See also:

• ZEBRA

zebra, See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant, See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus, See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros (See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and white), warthog, and various baboons and monkeys . The buffalo is now rare, Navin# been almost exterminated by the See also:

• RINDERPEST (German for " cattle-plague," which is. the English synonym)

rinderpest in 1896 . The See also:

• CARNIVORA

carnivora include the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard, See also:

• CHEETAH

cheetah, and various See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, foxes, wolves, jackals and See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs . There are at least five varieties of the mongoose . Amongst the rodents are squirrels, dormice, rats (eleven kinds), the See also:

• PORCUPINE (Fr., pore-epic, " spiny pig ")

porcupine, the Cape See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare and the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock hare . Of insectivora the See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant-eater, the ant-See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, the See also:

• HEDGEHOG, or URCHIN

hedgehog and various shrews may be mentioned . Bats number eleven varieties . See also:

• SNAKES

Snakes are numerous, the most important being the See also:

• PYTHON

python, the puff-See also:

• ADDER

adder and the See also:

• COBRA (Naja tripudians)

cobra . Crocodiles and iguanas are found in most of the rivers, and chameleons and lizards are very common . Rhodesia abounds in beetles, butterflies and moths, and new varieties are frequently discovered in the wet season . Mention ought to be made of white ants (termites) and locusts . The ants are a serious pest, attack-. See also:

• ING

ing all cut See also:

• TIMBER

timber resting in or on the ground .

""Y''k""` They gradually envelop the dead See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood in a See also:

• MOUND

mound of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and consume it wholly, so that all poles and See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-timber have to be carefully protected either by chemical preparations or by raising them clear from contact with the earth . The mounds which the white ants erect often reach a height of many feet . There are several kinds, the black-headed nipper ant, chiefly found in the west, being the most destructive . Locusts are particularly dreaded in their wingless See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, when they clean off every See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf, every See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit of vegetation, as they march on in their hundreds of thousands . The rivers are not very plentiful in See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, but occasional See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport is afforded by See also:

• BARBEL (Barbus vulgaris)

barbel, See also:

• BREAM (Abramis)

bream and See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger-fish . Birds to the number of about 400 varieties have been found in Rhodesia . The largest of these are the See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich, the secretary-See also:

• BIRD

bird, the paauw, the koorhaan, See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes (three varieties), storks (four), vultures (six) and eagles (eight) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief birds that attract sportsmen, besides the paauw and the koorhaan already mentioned, are the See also:

• GUINEA

guinea-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl (three kinds), See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge and francolin (seven kinds), wild See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose, See also:

• DUCK

duck and See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal . Some of the most interesting birds are the See also:

• WEAVER, JAMES BAIRD (1833- )

weaver-birds (eighteen), the ox-peckers, which find their See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food on the backs of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, the kingfishers (eight), the hornbills (five), the parrots, lovebirds, the polygamous widow birds—whose See also:

• FEMALES

females are of insignificant appearance, but whose See also:

• MALES

males develop a brilliant plumage and lengthy tails during the breeding season, when they are on guard over their harems of from ten to fifteen wives—the sunbirds. with their See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long curved beaks that See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search out the See also:

• NECTAR

nectar of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, and the See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey-guides, which, with their agitated " chuck, chuck," See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead the wayfarer to bees' nests with expectation of joining in the See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder . The small birds of Rhodesia are usually very brilliantly coloured, the most distinguished being what is known as the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

jay, with its See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright, iridescent, See also:

• LIGHT

light blue plumage . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The vegetation of the territory is luxurious and mainly subtropical, but in the lower valleys the flora assumes a tropical aspect . The country is well wooded and in this respect differs from the high tablelands farther south .

The trees as a See also:

• RULE

rule attain no greater height than about 20 ft., but in some districts, such as South Melsetter and Wankies, there are remains of forests of large timber . The small growth of the trees is said to be due to the annual veld fires, and it is noticeable that native trees that are protected attain a much greater height . As a rule the wood is either very hard or very soft, so that timber for See also:

• BUILDING

building has still to be imported, although the existing timber is useful for See also:

• MINING

mining purposes . One of the hardest See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods is the so-called Rhodesian See also:

• TEAK

teak (native Ikusi), which is about 5o% harder than real teak (Tectona grandis) . The trees most commonly met with are mapane, used for poles; umkamba, resembling See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany; m'lanji See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, chiefly found along the eastern border; umsasa, used for firewood; impachla, the native wisteria . Among other trees are the See also:

• BAOBAB

baobab with enormous very soft See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk, the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit being a large See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut containing citrate of See also:

• MAGNESIA

magnesia, which natives use to make a cooling drink; the umvagaz—or See also:

• BLOOD

blood-wood—which issues a blood-coloured juice when cut, and the umkuna, or hissing See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, which hisses when an incision is made . The barks of the umsasa, the umhondo, and the umgosa are much used by natives for binding See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres in making huts and are also used for tanning . The bark of;the baobab yields a See also:

• FINE

fine fibre which natives use in making excellent See also:

• GAME

game nets and fishing nets . The native fruit-bearing trees are the fig (many varieties), the mahobohobo or umjanje, resembling the See also:

• LOQUAT, JAPANESE PLUM

loquat, the Kaffir See also:

• PLUM

plum, very sour and totally different from the Kaffir plum of Cape See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony, and the Kaffir See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange . Among the shrubs the proteas, or See also:

• SUGAR

sugar bushes, with their nectar-stored flowers, are the most frequent . The See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

mimosa See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn, although more of the nature of a tree, grows in dense masses, chiefly in the western See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . The period of the See also:

• YEAR

year when flowers begin to See also:

• BLOOM (from A.S. bloma, a flower)

bloom is rather remarkable .

After the long spell of dry See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, lasting from five to seven months, and before any rain has fallen, blooms appear all over the veld . Most of such flowers are those of bulbous plants or plants with large roots that have been stored with nourishment during the previous growing wet season . The flowers are sustained by this stock of food until the rains appear again to replenish the roots . Even grass sprouts green over the earth before the rains appear, and the hard-baked veld is pierced by the shoots of the See also:

• GLADIOLUS

gladiolus, the orchid, the See also:

• ASPARAGUS

asparagus, the solanum, the convolvulus and many other flowers . When the rains are far advanced, the annuals shoot rapidly and make a second show of bloom . A peculiarity of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early spring shoots on trees and shrubs is that they have not the green tints of the colder regions, but are all shades of See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown and orange and red and yellow . One of the chief features of Rhodesia is the vast stretches of grass-covered veld, the See also:

• GRASSES

grasses varying from a few inches to 15 ft. in height and numbering about too different varieties . Along the rivers are to be found palms, tree ferns, bananas, dracaenas and other hot climate plants . See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

Rubber, See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton are indigenous and there are groves of See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon trees, but these were most probably introduced by early settlers . See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco, which grows luxuriantly, may also have been introduced . Inhabitants.—In Southern Rhodesia about half the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, which in 1909 was approximately 16,5oo, is British See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born or born of British parents, and about one-third is South African born . There are about 11,5oo males and 55ood females, and the population is equally divided between the See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban and rural areas .

In rural areas the chief occupations are mining and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

Industrial pursuits, including mining, engage about 25% of the population, 8% are employed in agriculture, and 15% in See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . Mashonaland has 7500 white inhabitants, and Ma tabeleland 9000 . There are about 2000 Asiatics in Southern Rhodesia . The Natives of Rhodesia belong to the See also:

• BANTU

Bantu-See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro stock and are roughly divisible into two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups; those long settled in the country, and the Amazulu, who during the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• ZULULAND

Zululand and, passing through the more southern regions, overran Rhodesia and settled in Matabeleland . The See also:

• BAROTSE, BAROTSELAND

Barotse (q.v.) are mainly settled in North-West Rhodesia . In Southern Rhodesia, in spite of incursions from Portuguese territory and from the north, the natives can be still clearly divided into See also:

• MASHONA

Mashona and See also:

• MATABELE (" vanishing " or " hidden " people, so called from their appearance in battle, hidden behind enormous oxhide shields)

Matabele, living in the eastern and western See also:

• PRO

pro-winces respectively . The name Mashona is not used by the natives but is useful as distinguishing the allied tribes of the eastern See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division from the Matabele in the west . The See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages of the Mashona tribes are allied and are distinct from that of the Matabele (or Zulu), but it is uncertain whether these Mashona See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues should be regarded merely as different dialects, or languages as different as those of the various nations of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (but see BANTU LANGUAGES) . The tribes round Salisbury and extending as far as Marondella in the east and about 'co m. north are clearly branches of the Vasezuru See also:

• PEOPLE

people, that is, the people from " higher up," the higher up" being a region in the south-east . Their See also:

• HISTORY

history can be traced from about the beginning of the 18th century; but there is a great lack of tradition amongst this class of native, which is distinctly inferior in type to the Matabele in the west . Farther north there are the Makorikori and the Mabudja or Mabushla .

It would appear that the country in which these people now dwell was formerly in the possession of the Barotse, and some of the See also:

• PRESENT

present chiefs, obtained their positions by per-See also:

• MISSION

mission of the Barotse . Previously, according to Portuguese documents of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Makaranga or Makalanga now located in the south round about Victoria had possession of the country as far north as the Zambezi . Their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is allied to that of the present inhabitants, but in many respects is widely different and of See also:

• LATE

late has become more so owing to intercourse with the Matabele . Along the eastern border two more tribes can be differentiated, namely, Umtasa's people in the north and those speaking the Chindawo language in the south . Their languages are merely variants of the language spoken in the Salisbury and Mazoe districts . All the tribes in the eastern province have very similar habits and customs . Their huts are circular with a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall a See also:

• FOOT

foot or two high, made of poles and daga (mud) surmounted by a conical thatched roof . They thus differ from the beehive huts of the Zulus . They are built indiscriminately together and are not surrounded by stockades . The whole See also:

• FAMILY

family dwells in the same hut along with dogs, goats and fowls, and sometimes even with cattle, though there are usually See also:

• SEPARATE

separate kraals for their cattle . The kraals are as a rule filthy, but the inside of the hut is kept clean . There is a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and a raised portion of the mud See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor on which to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, but no See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture .

Their See also:

• MEALIE

mealie See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields are usually some distance from the place of See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode, but their tobacco gardens are near their huts . Their main See also:

• OBJECT

object in See also:

• LIFE

life seems to be to grow sufficient See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain for food and See also:

• BEER

beer . The grain they See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store in See also:

• GRANARIES

granaries, resembling small huts, placed on rocks or on stakes, out of the reach of white ants and secure from the depredations of animals . They amuse themselves occasionally by making earthenware pots which are very soft and easily broken, or by engaging in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• WORK

work or See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass-See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire work for ornamentation . In the south they are quite See also:

• CLEVER

clever in making water-tight baskets from rushes grown by the Sabi See also:

• RIVER

river . In their religious beliefs See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits See also:

• PLAY

play a great part . Above all there is a vague See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a Supreme Being whom they See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call Mwari . They have a fixed belief in the spirits of their ancestors, the spirits of the See also:

• WITCH

witch-doctors, The spirits of the Matabele, the spirits of old See also:

• WOMEN

women, the spirits of the foolish, the spirits of baboons, &c . Every occurrence is attributed to the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of a spirit, and if the occurrence is an evil one a feast and See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance of propitiation are held . Feasts of thanks-giving are alsoheld on such occasions as the gathering of the first-fruits, the See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest festival, or on the return from a long and dangerous See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey . Of the tribes already mentioned the most advanced are Umtasa's people and the Makaranga . The probable connexion of the tribes now inhabiting Mashonaland with the architects of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone buildings which are scattered over the country is discussed in the See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology .

Of these ruins the most extensive are situated near Victoria and are known as See also:

• ZIMBABWE

Zimbabwe (q.v.) . In the western province the Matabele, or rather Ansandabele, are the descendants of the Zulus who trekked under the leadership of the famous Mosilikatze up through the Transvaal, whence they were driven by the Boers . Mosilikatze died in 1868, and his son Lobengula, after a fight with a See also:

• BROTHER

brother, assumed sway in 187o . His people were divided into three main sections: the Abezansi (who were the aristocrats), the Abenhla and the Amaholi . The Amaholi or Holi were the inhabitants of the See also:

• LAND

land at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the invasion and thereafter were practically in the position of bondsmen and rarely allowed to possess cattle . The great spirit of the Holis was the Mlimo, who was practically the spirit of the nation . Among the Holi tribes are the Abashangwe, the Abanyai, the Batonke (near the Zambezi), the Abananzwa of the Wankie district, the Ababiro of the See also:

• TULL, JETHRO (1674-1741)

Tull district, and the Abasili, a nomadic tribe chiefly subsisting on game . There is a small tribe in the Belingwe district called the Abalemba, which would appear to have been in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs in early times . Their customs include See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision and the rejection of pork as food . The natives in Southern Rhodesia number about 700,000, and of these 1o,000 work on the mines and 20,000 are engaged in See also:

• FARM

farm, railway and See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household work under Europeans . Chief Towns.—Salisbury, which lies 488o ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, is the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Southern Rhodesia, being the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and is situated in the eastern province (Mashonaland) . There are about 1700 white inhabitants and 3000 natives .

It is the commercial centre for an extensive mining and farming district . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal buildings include churches, public library, See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and numerous hotels . There are a considerable number of government offices, and the See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator and See also:

• RESIDENT

resident See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner live here . The only See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are a brewery and a tobacco factory for grading and packing the tobaccos of the See also:

• LOCAL

local growers . Bulawayo (q.v.), situated 4469 ft. above the sea, is the largest town and is in the western province, Matabeleland . It is 301 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.W. of Salisbury, and 1362 M . N.E. of Cape Town . The population is some 4000 Europeans and about the same number of natives . The town has the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• PIPE

pipe water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply and a service of electric light . It was the ancient capital of the Matabele See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Lobengula . There is a Government house which is occasionally occupied, and was the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of See also:

• CECIL

Cecil See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes . It is from Bulawayo that the See also:

• WORLD

World's View, the See also:

• BURIAL

burial-place of Rhodes in the Matoppo Hills, is usually visited .

The other towns are Umtali, on the eastern border, pop . 800 whites, railway See also:

• WORKS

works, centre for numerous large and small gold mines; Gwelo, the central town, about midway between Salisbury and Bulawayo, 370 whites; Victoria and Melsetter in the south, centres of farming districts . Victoria, near which are the famous Zimbabwe ruins, is reached by See also:

• MAIL

mail See also:

• CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

cart (8o m.) from Selukwe, and Melsetter by mail cart (95 m.) from Umtali . There are also small townships at See also:

• HARTLEY, DAVID (1705–1757)
• HARTLEY, JONATHAN SCOTT (1845– )
• HARTLEY, SIR CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1825– )

Hartley, Selukwe, Enkeldoorn and Gwanda . Bulawayo and Salisbury are managed by town See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, the other towns have sanitary boards . Communications.—The Rhodesian railway See also:

• SYSTEM

system connects the chief towns and mining centres with one another and all the other South African countries . The main See also:

• LINE

line is a continuation of the railway from Cape Town through See also:

• KIMBERLEY
• KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE, 1ST EARL OF (1826-1902)

Kimberley and See also:

• MAFEKING

Mafeking . It runs from Mafeking in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general N.E. direction to Bulawayo, whence it goes N.W. to the Zambezi, which is crossed a little below the Victoria Falls . The bridging of the river was completed in See also:

• APRIL

April 1905 . Thence the railway is continued N.E . (92 m.) to Kalomo, Barotseland, and onward to the Katanga district of Belgian Congo . The section from Kalomo to Broken See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIE