JOHANN CARL See also:

• OTTO

OTTO See also:

• JOHANN CARL OTTO RIBBECK (1827-1898)

RIBBECK (1827-1898)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German classical See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt in See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony on the 23rd of See also:

• JULY

July 1827 . Having held professorial appointments at See also:

• KIEL

Kiel and See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, he succeeded his See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor See also:

• RITSCHL, ALBRECHT (1822-1889)
• RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876)

Ritschl in the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of classical See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, where he died on the 18th of July 1898 . See also:

• RIBBECK, JOHANN CARL OTTO (1827-1898)

Ribbeck was the author of several See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• WORKS

works on the poets and See also:

• POETRY

poetry of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, the most important of which are the following: Geschichte der ronaischen Dichtung (2nd ed., 1894-1900); See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die romische Tragodie See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Zeitalter der Republik (1875); Scaenicae Romanorum Poesis Fragmenta, including the tragic and comic fragments (3rd ed., 1897) . As a textual critic he was distinguished by considerable rashness, and never hesitated to alter, rearrange or reject as See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious what failed to reach his standard of excellence: These tendencies are strikingly shown in his See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the Epistles and Ars Poetica of See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace (1869), the Satires of See also:

• JUVENAL (DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS) (c. 60-140)

Juvenal (1859) and in the supplementary See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay Der echte and unechte Juvenal (1865) . In later years, however, he became much more conservative . His edition of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil (2nd ed., 1894-1895), although only See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical, is a See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• GREAT

great erudition, especially the Prolegomena . His See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Ritschl (1879-1881) is one of the best works of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of his tutor may be seen in Ribbeck's critical edition of the See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles Gloriosus of See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus, and Beitrdge zur Lehre von den lateinischen Partikeln, a work of much promise, which causes regret that he did not publish further results of his studies in that direction . His See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous Reden and Vortrdge were published after his See also:

• DEATH

death (Leipzig, 1899) . He took great See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the monumental See also:

• THESAURUS (Gr. B17o-avp6s)

Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, and it was chiefly owing to his efforts that the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Saxony was induced to assist its See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production by a considerable See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authority for his See also:

• LIFE

life is See also:

• OTTO

Otto Ribbeck; ein Bild seines Lebens aus seinen Briefen (1901), ed. by Emma Ribbeck . RIBBON-FISHES (Trachypteridae), a See also:

• FAMILY

family of marine fishes readily recognized by their See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, compressed, tape-like See also:

• BODY

body, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, narrow mouth and feeble dentition .

A high dorsal fin occupies the whole length of the back; an anal is absent, and the caudal, if See also:

• PRESENT

present, consists of two fascicles of rays of which the upper is prolonged and directed upwards . The See also:

• PECTORAL

pectoral fins are small, the ventrals composed of several rays, or of one long See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

ray only . Ribbon-fishes possess all the characteristics of fishes living at very great depths . They are fins especially, and the membrane connecting them, are of a very delicate and brittle structure . In See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young ribbon-fishes some of the fin-rays are prolonged in an extraordinary degree, and sometimes provided with appendages (see fig . 2) . There are only two genera in the family, Regalecus, the See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar-See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, and Trachypterus . In the former the length of the body is about fifteen times its See also:

• DEPTH

depth . The head likewise is compressed, short, resembling in its See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form that of a See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring; the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye is large; the mouth is small, and provided with very feeble See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth . A long many-rayed dorsal fin, of which the very long anterior rays form a kind of high See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest, extends from the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the head to the end of the tail; the anal and perhaps the caudal fins are absent; but the ventrals (and by this the oar-fish is distinguished from the other ribbon-fishes) are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into a pair of long filaments, which terminate in a See also:

• PADDLE

paddle-shaped extremity, but are too flexible to assist in locomotion . The whole body is covered with a layer of silvery epidermoid sub-stance, which easily comes off and adheres to other See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . Oar-fishes are the largest deep-See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea fishes known, the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the specimens observed measuring 12 ft. in length; but some are recorded to have exceeded 20 ft .

Their range in the great depths of the ocean seems to extend over all seas, but, however numerous they may be in the depths which are their See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, it is only by rare See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident that specimens reach the. See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Thus from the coasts of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain only about twenty captures are known in the long space of a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and a See also:

• HALF

half, and not more than thirteen from those of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway . Oar-fishes have been considered by naturalists to havegiven rise to some of the tales of " sea-serpents," but their See also:

• SIZE

size as well as the facility with which they are secured when observed render this See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the question of the existence of such a creature improbable . When they rise to the surface of the See also:

• WATER

water they are either dead or in a helpless and dying See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . The ligaments and tissues by which the bones and muscles were held together whilst the fish lived under the immense pressure of great depths have then become loosened and torn by the expansion of the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal gases; and it is only with difficulty that the specimens can be taken entire out of the water, and preserved afterwards . Every specimen found has been more or less mutilated; and especially the terminal portion of the tail, which seems to end in a delicate tapering filament, has never been perfect ;it is perhaps usually lost as a useless appendage at a much earlier See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the life of the fish . Of Trachypterus, specimens have been taken in the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, the Mediterranean, at See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius and in the Pacific . The See also:

• SPECIES

species from the Atlantic has occurred chiefly on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern coasts, See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland, Scandinavia, Orkneys and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . It is known as T. arcticus, in See also:

• ENGLISH

English the See also:

• DEAL

deal-fish; its Icelandic name is Vagmaer . Its length is 5 to 8 ft . Specimens seem usually to be driven to the See also:

• SHORE

shore by See also:

• GALES (mod. Calvi)

gales in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and are sometimes See also:

• LEFT

left by the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide . S .

See also:

• NILSSON, CHRISTINE (1843– )

Nilsson, however, in Scandinavia observed a living specimen in two or three fathoms of water moving something like a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-fish with one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side turned obliquely upwards .