RIBBONS  . By this name are designated narrow webs, properly of

silk, not exceeding nine inches in width, used primarily for binding and tying in connexion with dress, but also now applied for innumerable useful, ornamental and symbolical purposes . Along with that of tapes, fringes and other small-wares, the manufacture of ribbons forms a special department of the textile industries . The essential feature of a ribbon loom is the simultaneous weaving in one loom frame of two or more webs, going up to as many as forty narrow fabrics in modern looms . To effect the conjoined throwing of all the shuttles and the various other movements of the loom, the automatic action of the power-loom is necessary; and it is a remarkable fact that the self-acting ribbon loom was known and extensively used more than a century before the famous invention of Cartwright . A loom in which several narrow webs could be woven at one time is mentioned as having been working in Dantzig towards the end of the 16th century . Similar looms were at work in Leiden in 162o, where their use gave rise to so much discontent and rioting on the part of the weavers that the states-general had to prohibit their use . The prohibition was renewed at various intervals throughout the century, and in the same interval the use of the ribbon loom was interdicted in most of the principal industrial centres of Europe . About 1676, under the name of the Dutch loom or engine loom, it was brought to London; and, although its introduction there caused some disturbance, it does not appear to have been prohibited . In 1745, John Kay, the inventor of the fly-shuttle, obtained, conjointly with Joseph Stell, a patent for improvements in the ribbon loom; and since that period it has benefited by the inventions applied to weaving machinery generally . Ribbon-weaving is known to have been established near St Etienne (dep . Loire) so early as the 11th century, and that town has remained the headquarters of the industry .

During the Huguenot troubles, ribbon-weavers from St Etienne settled at

Basel and there established an industry which in modern times has rivalled that of the original seat of the trade . Crefeld is the centre of the German ribbon industry, the manufacture of black velvet ribbon being there a specialty . In England Coventry is the most important seat of ribbon-making, which is also prosecuted at Norwich and Leicester .