See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

RICHARD I  . (1157-1199), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, nicknamed " Cceur de See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion " and " Yea and See also:

• NAY, or NEY

Nay," was the third son of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. by Eleanor of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine . See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

Born in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1157, he received at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eleven the duchy of Aquitaine, and was formally installed in 1172 . In his new position he was allowed, probably from regard to Aquitanian susceptibilities, to govern with an See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence which was studiously denied to his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers in their shares of the Angevin See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance . Yet in 1173 See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard joined with the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Henry and See also:

• GEOFFREY
• GEOFFREY (1158-1186)
• GEOFFREY (c. I152-1212)

Geoffrey of See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany in their See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion; Aquitaine was twice invaded by the old king before the unruly youth would make submission . Richard was soon pardoned and reinstated in his duchy, where he distinguished himself by crushing a formidable revolt (1175) and exacting See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage from the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse . In a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he was so powerful that his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother Henry became alarmed and demanded, as See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir-apparent, that Richard should do him homage for Aquitaine . Richard having scornfully rejected the demand, a fratricidal See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war ensued; the young Henry ' invaded Aquitaine and attracted to his See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard manyof Richard's vassals, who were exasperated by the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• RULE

rule of . the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke . Henry II. marched to Richard's aid; but the war terminated abruptly with the See also:

• DEATH

death of the elder See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince (1183) . Richard, being now the heir to England and See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, was invited to renounce Aquitaine in favour of Prince See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John . The proposal led to a new See also:

• CIVIL

civil war; and, although a temposary See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise was arranged, Richard soon sought the help of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, to whom he did homage for all the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental possessions in the actual presence of his See also:

• FATHER

father (See also:

• CONFERENCE

Conference of Bonmoulins, 18th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1188) In the struggle which ensued the old king was overpowered, chased ignominiously from Le Mans to See also:

• ANGERS

Angers, and forced to buy See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace by conceding all that was demanded of him; in particular the immediate recognition of Richard as his successor . But the death of Henry II .

(1189) at once dissolved the friend-See also:

• SHIP

ship between Richard and Philip . Not only did Richard continue the continental policy of his father, but he also re, fused to fulfil his See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract with Philip's See also:

• SISTER

sister, See also:

• ALAIS

Alais, to whom he had been betrothed at the age of three . An open See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach was only delayed by the See also:

• DESIRE

desire of both See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings to fulfil the crusading vows which they had recently taken . Richard, in particular, sacrificed all other interests to this See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, and raised the necessary funds by the most reckless methods . He put up for See also:

• AUCTION

auction the highest offices and honours; even remitting to See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Lion of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, for a sum of 15,000 marks, the humiliating obligations which Henry II. had imposed at the treaty of See also:

• FALAISE

Falaise . It is true that Richard indemnified himself on his return by resuming some of his most important grants and refusing to return the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase See also:

• MONEY

money; but it is improbable that he had originally planned this repudiation of his See also:

• ILL

ill-considered bargains . By such expedients he raised and equipped a force which' may be estimated at 4000 men-at-arms and as many See also:

• FOOT

foot-soldiers, with a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of r oo transports (1191) . Richard did not return to his dominions until 1194 . But his stay in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine was limited to sixteen months . On the outward See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey he wintered in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, where he employed himself in quarrelling with Philip and in exacting See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction from the usurper See also:

• TANCRED (d. 1112)
• TANCRED (d. 1194)

Tancred for the See also:

• DOWER (through the Old Fr. douaire from late Lat. dotarium, classical Lat. dos, dowry)

dower of his widowed sister, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna, and for his own See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the inheritance of William the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good . Leaving See also:

• MESSINA

Messina in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1191, he interrupted his voyage to conquer See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus, and only joined the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian besiegers of See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre in See also:

• JUNE

June . The reduction of that stronghold was largely due to his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and skill .

But his arrogance gave much offence . After the fall of Acre he inflicted a See also:

• GROSS

gross insult upon See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; and his relations with Philip were so strained that the latter seized the first pretext for returning to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and entered into negotiations with Prince John (see JoHN, king of England) for the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of Richard's See also:

• REALM

realm . Richard also threw himself into the disputes respecting the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, and supported See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy of See also:

• LUSIGNAN

Lusignan against See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad of See also:

• MONTFERRAT, COUNT OF

Montferrat with so much See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat that he incurred See also:

• GRAVE

grave, though unfounded, suspicions of complicity when Conrad was assassinated by emissaries of the Old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain . None the less Richard, whom even the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French crusaders accepted as their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, upheld the failing cause of the Frankish Christians with valour and tenacity . He won a brilliant victory over the forces of See also:

• SALADIN (Arab. Sala-ud-din, " Honouring the Faith ") (1138—1193)

Saladin at See also:

• ARSUF

Arsuf (1191), and twice led the Christian See also:

• HOST

host within a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of Jerusalem . But the dissensions of the native See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks and the crusaders made it hopeless to continue the struggle; and Richard was alarmed by the See also:

• NEWS

news which reached him of John's intrigues in England and Normandy . Hastily patching up a truce with Saladin, under which the Christians kept the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-towns and received See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre, Richard started on his return (9th See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1192) . His voyage was delayed by storms, and he appears to have been perplexed as to the safest route . The natural route over-See also:

• LAND

land through See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles and Toulouse was held by his enemies; that through the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire from the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Adriatic was little safer, since Leopold of Austria was on the See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch for him . Having adopted the second of these alternatives, he was cap- tured at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in a mean disguise (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 20th, 1192) and strictly confined in the duke's See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Diirenstein on the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube . His mishap was soon known to England, but the regents were for some See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks uncertain of his whereabouts . This is the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for the See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of his See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery by the faithful See also:

• MINSTREL

minstrel See also:

• BLONDEL, DAVID (1591-1655)
• BLONDEL, JACQUES FRANCOIS (1705-1774)

Blondel, which first occurs in a French romantic See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of :the next See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1193 Leopold surrendered his See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize, under compulsion, to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Henry VI., who was aggrieved both by the support which the Plantagenets had given to the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Henry the Lion and also by Richard's recognition of Tancred in Sicily . Al-though the detention of a crusader was contrary to public See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, Richard was compelled to purchase his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release by the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a heavy See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom and by doing homage to the emperor for England . The ransom demanded was 150,000 marks; though it was never discharged in full, the resources of England were taxed to the utmost for the first instalments; and to this occasion we may trace the beginning of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation levied on movable See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Richard reappeared in England in March 1194; but his stay lasted only a few weeks, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his reign was entirely devoted to his continental interests . He See also:

• LEFT

left England to be governed by See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter (q.v.), and his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal authority was seldom asserted except by demands for new subsidies . The rule of the Plantagenets was still popular in Normandy and Aquitaine; but these provinces were unable or unwilling to pay for their own See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . Though Richard proved himself consistently the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior of Philip in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, the difficulty of raising and paying forces to resist the French increased See also:

• YEAR

year by year . Richard could only stand on the defensive; the keynote of his later policy is given by the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the famous See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau See also:

• GAILLARD, GABRIEL HENRI (1726-1806)

Gaillard at See also:

• LES

Les Andelys (1196) to protect the See also:

• LOWER

lower courses of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine against invasion from the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of France . He did not live to see the futility of such bulwarks . In 1199 a claim to treasure-trove embroiled him with the See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount of See also:

• LIMOGES

Limoges . He harried the See also:

• LIMOUSIN (Lat. Pagus Lemovicinus, ager Lemovicensis, regio Lemovicum, Lemozinum, Limosinium, &c.)
• LIMOUSIN (or LIMOSIN), LEONARD (c. 1505-c. 1577)

Limousin and laid See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to the castle of Chalus; while directing an See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault he was wounded in the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder by a crossbow See also:

• BOLT

bolt, and, the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound mortifying from unskilful treatment or his own want of care, he died on the 6th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1199 . He was buried by his own desire at his father's feet in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• FONTEVRAULT, or FONTEVRAUD (Lat. Fons Ebraldi)

Fontevrault .

Here his effigy may still be seen.' Though contemporary, it does not altogether agree with the portraits on his See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

Seal, which give the impression of greater strength and even of See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty . The Fontevrault bust is no doubt idealized . The most accomplished and versatile representative of his gifted family, Richard was, in his lifetime and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after-wards, a favourite See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero with troubadours and romancers . This was natural, as he belonged to their brotherhood and himself wrote lyrics of no mean quality . But his See also:

• HISTORY

history shows that he by no means embodied the current ideal of chivalrous excellence . His memory is stained by one See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of needless cruelty, the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of over two thousand Saracen prisoners at Acre; and his fury, when thwarted or humbled, was ungovernable . A brave soldier, an experienced and astute See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, he was never happier than when engaged in war . As a ruler he was equally profuse and rapacious . Not one useful measure can be placed to his See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit; and it was by a fortunate See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident that he found, in Hubert Walter, an See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator who had the skill to mitigate the consequences of a reckless fiscal policy . Richard's wife was Berengaria, daughter of Sancho VI., king of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, whom he married in Cyprus in May 1191 . She was with the king at Acre later in the same year, and during his imprisonment passed her time in Sicily, in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and in France . See also:

• HUSBAND

Husband and wife met again in 1195, and the queen long survived the king, residing chiefly at Le Mans .

She died 'The remains of Richard, together with those of Henry II. and his queen Eleanor, were removed in the 17th century from their tombs to another See also:

• PART

part of the church . They were rediscovered in 1910 during the restoration of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey undertaken by the French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government.soon after 1230 . Berengaria founded a Cistercian monastery at Espau . (H . W . C .