RICHMOND  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia, U.S.A., the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county-seat of Henrico county, and a See also:

• PORT

port of entry, on the See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• RIVER

river (at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation), about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m . S. by W. of See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, D.C., and about 125 M. by See also:

• WATER

water from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean . Pop . (1850) 27,570; (186o) 37,910; (1870) 51,038; (188o) 63,600; (189o) 81,388; (1900) 85,050, of whom 32,230 were negroes and 2865 were See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born; (1910 See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census) 127,628 . Richmond is served, by the Atlantic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast See also:

• LINE

Line, the Chesapeake & See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, the Seaboard See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air Line, the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern and the Richmond, Fredericksburg & See also:

• POTOMAC

Potomac See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, and by the Old Dominion, the Virginia Navigation and the Chesapeake steamship lines . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city has a beautiful situation on the hilly ground (maximum See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, about 250 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level) along the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the James, at. a See also:

• BEND

bend where the river changes its See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-easterly course for one almost due south . It occupies seven hills, from which fact it has been called " the See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome." The western. stretch of the river, opposite the city, breaks into rapids which have a fall of about 116 ft. in 9 m. and provide abundant water See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Belle Isle (the site of a Confederate See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp during the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War), about i m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by about t m. wide, is in this See also:

• PART

part of the river; a little farther down stream are a See also:

• GROUP

group of small islets, and opposite the south-eastern boundary of the city is See also:

• MAYO
• MAYO, RICHARD SOUTHWELL BOURKE, 6TH EARL OF (1822-1872)

Mayo's See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island . Within the city's lines the river is crossed by two See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges (to See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester) for vehicles and pedestrians, and three railway bridges . The river has been improved by Federal See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers since 1870; in See also:

• JUNE

June 1909 (up to which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time $1,799,033 had been expended for improvements) there was a channel roo ft. wide and 18 ft. deep, nearly continuously from See also:

• HAMPTON
• HAMPTON, WADE (1818-1902)

Hampton Roads to the Richmond See also:

• WHARF

wharf, and the maxi-mum draft at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low water was 16.1 ft . About three-fourths of the city's See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street mileage (120 m.) is paved, Belgian See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block or macadam being used on the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal thoroughfares . About 637.8 acres are devoted to city parks, among which are See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• BYRD, WILLIAM (1543-1623)

Byrd See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park (300 acres), in the western part of the city, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS (186o– )

Bryan Park (262.6 acres), Chimborazo Park (29 acres), near its. eastern boundary, Gambles See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill Park (8.8 acres), See also:

• MONROE
• MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831)

Monroe Square (71 acres), See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson Park .(6.3 acres) and See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall Square (7 acres) .

The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State Capitol Square (10 acres) is not owned by the city . See also:

• HALF

Half a mile N.W. of the city are the See also:

• FAIR

Fair Grounds, where a state fair is held annually . Of Richmond's public buildings, several have See also:

• GREAT

great historic See also:

• INTEREST

interest . St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's Episcopal See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, built in 1740 (and sub-sequently much enlarged), is noted especially as the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the Virginia See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1775, before which See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry made a famous speech, ending, "I know not what course others may take, but as for 'me, Give me See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, or give me See also:

• DEATH

death I" The Capitol (begun in 1785 and completed. in 2792—the wings were added in 1906) was .designed from a° See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model and plans of the Maison Carree, at See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes, sup-plied by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Jefferson, while he was See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . See also:

• AARON

Aaron See also:

• BURR, AARON (1756-1836)

Burr was tried for See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason and then for See also:

• MISDEMEANOUR (from O. Fr. mes- and demener, to conduct oneself ill)

misdemeanour in this See also:

• BUILDING

building in 1807i the Virginia See also:

• SECESSION

secession convention met here in a86r, and during the Civil War the sessions of the See also:

• CON

Con-federate See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress were held here . In its rotunda is See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine See also:

• HOUDON, JEAN ANTOINE (1740—1828)

Houdon's full-length See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble statue of Washington, provided for by the Virginia See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly in 1784, and erected in 1796; its See also:

• BASE

base bears a See also:

• FINE

fine inscription written by James See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison . In a, See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche is a Houdon bust of See also:

• LAFAYETTE

Lafayette, a replica of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original presented to the city of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris by the state of Virginia . The Old See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House (the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest building in the city) was erected as a See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in 1737, and is now used for a museum . Masons' See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, whose corner-stone was laid in 1785, is said to be the oldest exclusively Masonic building in the See also:

• UNITED

United States . The Executive See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

Mansion of the Confederate States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, built in 1819, See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased by the city in 1862, and leased to the Confederate See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and occupied by See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President Jefferson See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis in 1862-65, was acquired in 1890 by the Confederate Memorial Library Society, and is now a Confederate Museum with a See also:

• ROOM

room for each state of the Confederacy and a general library in the• " Solid South " room; it has valuable See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical papers, collected by the Southern Historical Society, and the society has published a See also:

• CALENDAR

Calendar of Confederate Papers (1908) . The former residence of See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief-See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice John Marshall, built in 1795, is still See also:

• STANDING

standing; and the See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee Mansion, which was the war-time residence of General See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert ' E . Lee's See also:

• FAMILY

family, has been occupied, since 1893, . by the Virginia Historical Society (organized 1831; reorganized 1847) as the repository of a valuable library and collection of portraits of historical interest .

Libby . Prison, which stood on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• BANK

bank of a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, near the river, in the eastern part of the city, was taken down in 1888-89, and its materials removed to See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, where it was reconstructed, in as nearly as possible its original See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and became the Libby Prison War Museum ?. The See also:

• VALENTINE, or VALENTINUS

Valentine Museum is in a house on See also:

• ELEVENTH

Eleventh and See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay Streets, in which Aaron Burr was entertained while he was on trial, and which with $50,000 and his collections was devised to a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of trustees in 1892 by See also:

• MANN, HORACE (1796-1859)

Mann S . Valentine . The museum includes 3300 books, many being of the 25th and 16th centuries, a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of engravings; a Virginia Room with portraits and See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics, some tapestries, an excellent collection of casts and valuable See also:

• AMERICAN

American archaeological specimens . The more modern buildings include' the City Hall, a fine See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite structure (completed in 1893), with a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower x8o ft., tall; the Library building which houses the state library (about 8o,000 volumes,, with many portraits and a valuable collection of' old See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts), the State See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law Library and also the offices of most, of the state officials; the See also:

• POST

Post-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office and Customs House; the State See also:

• PENITENTIARY (med. Lat. poenitentiarius, from poenitentia, penance, poena, punishment, a term used both as adjective and substantive, referring either to the means of repentance or that of punishment. In its ecclesiastical use the word is used as the equi

Penitentiary; the Chamber of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce; and, among the religious edifices, the Sacred See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

Heart See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral (See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic), presented to the city by Mr and Mrs Thomas F . See also:

• RYAN, LACY (c. 1694-176o)

Ryan; the Monumental Church, built on the site of the Richmond See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre, in the burning of which, in 1811, Acting-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

Governor See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George W . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith and fifty-nine others lost their lives; and St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's Church, where Jefferson Davis was attending services, on the 2nd of See also:

• APRIL

April 1865, when he received See also:

• NEWS

news from As built in Richmond in 1845 by See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther Libby, it was a See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick structure, three storeys high in front and four in the. See also:

• REAR

rear . It had six rooms, each about 100X45 ft., was used as a See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco See also:

• WARE

ware-house and a See also:

• SHIP

ship-chandlery until 1861, and then until the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Richmond was used as a prison, chiefly. for Federal See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . Frequently it was terribly overcrowded (by as many as 1200 prisoners at a time), the inmates often suffered great privations, and many died or were physically disabled for the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of their lives . General Lee that General See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant had broken through the lines at See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg and that Richmond must be evacuated . See also:

• ROSEMARY

Rosemary Library was given to the city by Thomas See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

Page in memory of his wife, who died in 1888 .

Richmond has many fine monuments and statues of historic interest and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic merit, the most noteworthy of the former being the Washington See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

Monument, in Capitol Square . In 185o the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission accepted the model submitted by Thomas See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford (1814-1857), an American sculptor, the corner-stone of the monument was laid in that See also:

• YEAR

year, and the equestrian statue of Washington, with sub-statues of Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson, was unveiled on the 22nd of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1858 . Thereafter were added sub-statues of Chief-Justice John Marshall and George See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason (1726-1792) by Crawford, and statues of See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis (1730—1781) and Thomas Nelson (1738-1789), and six allegorical subjects, by See also:

• RANDOLPH, EDMUND [JENNINGS] (1753–1813)
• RANDOLPH, JOHN (1773–1833)
• RANDOLPH, PEYTON (1721-1775)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1523-1590)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635)

Randolph See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers (1825-1892), the monument being completed in 1869, at a cost of about $260,000, of which about $47,000 represented private gifts and the interest thereon . The greatest height of the monument is 6o ft., and the See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of its base is 86 ft . In Capitol Square are also a marble statue of Henry Clay, by See also:

• JOEL
• JOEL, MANUEL (1826–189o)

Joel T . See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

Hart (1810-1877), a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of Stonewall See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson, by John Henry See also:

• FOLEY, JOHN HENRY (1818-1874)
• FOLEY, SIR THOMAS (1757-1833)

Foley (1818-1874), an See also:

• ENGLISH

English sculptor, " presented to the city by English gentlemen " (Hon . A . J . See also:

• BERESFORD, JOHN (1738-1805)
• BERESFORD, LORD CHARLES WILLIAM DE LA POER (1846- )
• BERESFORD, WILLIAM CARR BERESFORD, VISCOUNT (1768–1854)

Beresford-See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope and others) and unveiled in 1875; a statue of See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes McGuire (1835-1900), a famous Virginia surgeon; and a statue of William Smith (1796-1887), governor of Virginia in 1846-49 and in 1864-65 . In Monroe Park is a statue by E . V . Valentine of Brig.-General See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter Wickham (1820-1888) of the Con-federate See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army .

Another noteworthy monument is the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble equestrian statue of General Robert E . Lee, surmounting a lofty granite See also:

• PEDESTAL (Fr. piedestal, Ital. piedestallo, foot of a stall)

pedestal at the head of See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin Street . This statue, by See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius Jean Antonin See also:

• MERCIE, MARIUS JEAN ANTONIN (1845– )

Mercie (b . 1845), was unveiled in 189o . Adjacent is an equestrian statue of General J . E . B . See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart, by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick Moynihan, and at the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end of Monument See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue is the Jefferson Davis Monument, by W . C . Nowland, in front of which is a statue of Jefferson Davis, by E . V . Valentine .

On Libby Hill, in the south-eastern part of the city, is a monument to the private soldiers and sailors of the Confederacy . In Hollywood See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

Cemetery (dedicated in 1849) are the See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves of many famous men, including presidents James Monroe and John See also:

• TYLER
• TYLER, JOHN (1790—1862)
• TYLER, MOSES COIT (1835—1900)
• TYLER, WAT [or WALTER] (d. 1381)

Tyler; Jefferson Davis, John Randolph of See also:

• ROANOKE

Roanoke, the Confederate generals, A . P . Hill, J . E . B . Stuart and George E . Pickett; See also:

• COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew F . See also:

• MAURY, LOUIS FERDINAND ALFRED (1817–1892)
• MAURY, MATTHEW FONTAINE (1806-1873)

Maury (18o6-1873); James A . See also:

• SEDDON, RICHARD JOHN (1845-1906)
• SEDDON, THOMAS (1821-1856)

Seddon (1815-r88o), Secretary of War of the Confederate States in 1862-64; and John R . See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson (1823-1873), widely known in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day as a poet and as the editor of the Southern See also:

• LITERARY

Literary Messenger in 1847-59 . Here, too, are buried about 16,000 Confederate soldiers (to whose memory there is a massive See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid of undressed granite, 40 ft. sq. at the base and 90 ft. high) .

In the north-eastern part of the city is Oakwood Cemetery, in which are the graves of about 18,000 Confederate soldiers . Two See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles north-east of the city is the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Cemetery, with graves of 6571 Federal soldiers (5700 unknown) most of whom were killed in the actions near Richmond . Richmond is the seat of Richmond See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College (opened in 1832; chartered in 184o; and co-educational since 1898), which in 1909-10 had 21 instructors and 341 students, of whom 55 were in the School of Law (established 187o; re-established 189o) ; the Woman's College (Baptist; opened in 1854), .which in 1909–10 had 20 instructors and 275 students; the Virginia See also:

• MECHANICS

Mechanics' See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute (1856), including a See also:

• NIGHT

Night School of Technology; the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union Theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

Seminary in Virginia (Presbyterian; opened in 1824 and removed to Richmond in 1898 from See also:

• HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND, 1ST
• HAMPDEN, JOHN (c. 1595-1643)
• HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868)

Hampden-See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney), which in 1909–10 had 7 instructors and 8o students; the Medical College of Virginia, (founded in 1838), which has medical, dental and pharmaceutical departments, and in 1909–10 had 5o teachers and 2533 students; the University College of See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine (1893), which has departments of medicine, See also:

• DENTISTRY (from Lat. dens, a tooth)

dentistry and See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy, and in 19o9–Io had 57 teachers and 220 students; the See also:

• HARTSHORN, SPIRITS OF

Hartshorn Memorial College (Baptist), for See also:

• WOMEN

women; and, for negroes, Virginia Union University, founded in 1899 . See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals (including several religious weeklies) are published in Richmond . The principal See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers are the Times- See also:

• DISPATCH, or DESPATCH

Dispatch (Democratic; Dispatch, 185o; Times, 1886; consolidated in 1903) and the News-See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

Leader (Democratic, 1899) . Among the city's clubs are the Westmoreland and the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth . The city's charitable institutions include the Memorial (1903), Virginia Sheltering Arms (1889) and St See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke's hospitals, the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

Retreat for the Sick (1877), the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

Eye, See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

Nose, See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

Ear and See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

Throat Infirmary (188o), the Confederate Soldiers' See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home (1884), supported jointly by the state and the city, a Home for Needy Confederate Women (1900), the City See also:

• ALMSHOUSE

Almshouse and See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital, and several orphanages and homes for the aged . Richmond is the leading manufacturing city of Virginia, the value of its factory products in 1905 being $28,202,607, an increase of 22.4% since 1900 and nearly 19% of the value of the state's factory products in this year . The chief See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is the manufacture of tobacco for. smoking and chewing, of cigars and cigarettes and of See also:

• SNUFF (from " to snuff, " i.e. to inhale, to draw in through the nose; cf. Dutch snuf, scent, Ger. Schnupfen, a cold, catarrh, and Eng. " snuffle, " " sniff, " &c.)

snuff . There are large See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel See also:

• WORKS

works here, notably the See also:

• TREDEGAR

Tredegar Iron Works . Other important manufactures, with their product-values in 1905, are See also:

• LUMBER

lumber and planing-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products, $508,953; See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper boxes and wooden packing boxes, $432,522; See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee and spices, $245,689; foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-See also:

• SHOP

shop products, $238,576; and See also:

• SADDLERY

saddlery and See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness, $235,839 . Richmond is the port of entry for the See also:

• DISTRICT

District of Richmond; in 1907 its imports were valued at $913,234 and its exports at $158,275; in 1909, its imports at $693,822 and its exports at $24,390 .

The city has a large jobbing and See also:

• RETAIL

retail See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Richmond is governed under a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of 187o with amendments . The See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor is elected for two years and has the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers and authority in criminal cases of a justice of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . The city See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council is composed of a See also:

• COMMON

common council (five members from each See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, elected for two years) and of a board of aldermen (three members from each ward to be elected for four years) . Other elective officers are the mayor, city treasurer, city sergeant, commonwealth See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney, city See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector, city auditor, See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff and high See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable, elected for four years; and clerks of the various courts elected for eight years . The See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue is appointed for a See also:

• TERM

term of four years by the See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . Three justices of the peace are elected from each ward for a term of two years . The city council appoints an attorney for the corporation, a city engineer, a city clerk, a See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police justice, a board of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire commissioners and a board of police commissioners, one from each ward, who have See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the fire and police departments, respectively, and a number of other officers . The city owns its See also:

• GAS

gas works, water works and an electric-See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting plant (1910) for municipal lighting . The See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt limit is set by the city charter at 18% of the assessed value of the taxable real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of the city . In 1909 the taxable real estate and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal