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RICOLD OF See also:MONTE CROCE (1242-1320) , See also:Italian Dominican missionary, was See also:born at See also:Monte Croce, near See also:Florence . In 1267 he entered the Dominican See also:house of See also:Santa Maria Novella in Florence, and in 1272 that of St See also:Catherine in See also:Pisa . He started for See also:Acre with a papal See also:commission to preach in 1286 or 1287: in 128& or .1289 he began to keep a See also:record of his experiences in the See also:Levant; this record he probably reduced to final See also:book See also:form in See also:Bagdad . Entering See also:Syria at Acre, he crossed See also:Galilee to the See also:Sea of See also:Tiberias; thence returning to Acre he seems to have travelled down the See also:coast to Jaffa, and so up to See also:Jerusalem . After visiting the See also:Jordan and the Dead Sea he quitted See also:Palestine by the coast road, retracing his steps to Acre and passing on by See also:Tripoli and See also:Tortosa into See also:Cilicia . From the Cilician See also:port of Lajazzo he started on the See also:great high road to See also:Tabriz in See also:north See also:Persia . See also:Crossing the See also:Taurus he travelled on by See also:Sivas of See also:Cappadocia to See also:Erzerum, the neighbourhood of See also:Ararat and Tabriz . In and near Tabriz he preached for several months, after which he proceeded to Bagdad via See also:Mosul and Tekrit . In Bagdad he stayed several years, studying the See also:Koran and other See also:works of Moslem See also:theology, for controversial purposes, arguing with Nestorian Christians, and See also:writing .. In 1301 Ricold again appeared in Florence: some, See also:time after this he proposed to submit his Confutatio Alcorani to the See also:pope, but did not . He died on the 31st of See also:October 1320 . As a traveller and observer his merits are conspicuous . His See also:account of the See also:Tatars and his See also:sketch of Moslem See also:religion and See also:manners are especially noteworthy . In spite of strong See also:prejudice, he shows remarkable breadth of view and appreciation of merit in systems the most hostile to his own . Of Ricold's Itinerary (Itinerarius [sic]) fifteen See also:MSS. exist, of which the See also:chief are: (1) Florence, Laurentian Library, Fineschi, 326; (2) See also:Paris, See also:National Library, See also:Lat . 4955, fols . 46-55; (3) Wolfenbittel, See also:Cod . Weissenb . 40, fols . 73 B.-94 B . (all of 14th See also:century) . Of his Epistles there is one MS., viz . See also:Rome, Vatican, 3717, fols . 249 A.-267 A . The best edition of the Itinerary is by J . C . M . See also:Laurent, in Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor, pp. x05 (101)-41 (See also:Leipzig, 1864 and 1873) . The Epistles have been edited by R . Rohricht in Archives de t'orient latin, vol. ii. See also:part ii . (Documents) pp . 258-96 (Paris,' 1884) . The Confutatio Alcorani, printed at See also:Seville in 1500, at See also:Venice in 1607, adds hardly anything to the sections of the Itinerary devoted to Moslem belief, &c . Ricold's Libellus contra Nationes Orientales and Contra errores Judaeorum have never been printed . See also C . See also:Raymond Beazley, See also:Dawn of See also:Modern See also:Geography, iii .
190-202, 218, 390-91, 547, 554, 564
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RICOTTI-MAGNANI, CESARE (1822- ), Italian See also:general and See also:knight of the Annunziata, was born at Borgo Lavezzaro on the 3oth of See also:June 1822
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As See also:artillery See also:lieutenant he distinguished himself and was wounded at the See also:siege of Peschiera in 1848, and in 1852 gained further distinction by his effortsto prevent the See also:explosion of a burning See also:powder See also:magazine
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After serving from 1856 to 1859. as director of the Artillery School; he became general of See also:division in 1864, commanding the 9th division at the See also:battle of See also:San Martino
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In the See also:war of 1866 he stormed Borgoforte, to open a passage for Cialdini's See also:army
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Upon the See also:death of General Govone' in 1872 he was appointed See also:minister of war, and after the occupation of Rome See also:bent all his efforts to army reform, in accordance with the lessons of the Franco-See also:German War
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• He shortened the See also:period of military service; extended' See also:conscription to all able-bodied men; created a permanent . army, a See also:mobile See also:militia and a reserve; commenced the renewal of armaments; and placed See also:Italy in a position to put 1,800,000 men on 'a war footing: Ricotti See also:fell from See also:power with the Right in '876, but returned to See also:office with See also:Depretis in 1884, and amended his previous See also:scheme of reform
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Resigning in See also:April 1887, he became a member of the See also:senate in ago, but took little part. in public See also:life until 1896, when, after the battle. of See also:Adowa, he was entrusted by See also: |
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