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RICOLD OF See also: Italian Dominican missionary, was See also: born at See also: Monte Croce, near Florence
.
In 1267 he entered the Dominican See also: house of See also: Santa Maria Novella in Florence, and in 1272 that of St See also: Catherine in See also: Pisa
.
He started for See also: Acre with a papal commission to preach in 1286 or 1287: in 128& or .1289 he began to keep a record of his experiences in the See also: Levant; this record he probably reduced to final See also: book See also: form in See also: Bagdad
.
Entering See also: Syria at Acre, he crossed Galilee to the See also: Sea of See also: Tiberias; thence returning to Acre he seems to have travelled down the See also: coast to Jaffa, and so up to Jerusalem
.
After visiting the See also: Jordan and the Dead Sea he quitted See also: Palestine by the coast road, retracing his steps to Acre and passing on by See also: Tripoli and See also: Tortosa into See also: Cilicia
.
From the Cilician See also: port of Lajazzo he started on the See also: great high road to See also: Tabriz in See also: north See also: Persia
.
See also: Crossing the See also: Taurus he travelled on by Sivas of See also: Cappadocia to See also: Erzerum, the neighbourhood of See also: Ararat and Tabriz
.
In and near Tabriz he preached for several months, after which he proceeded to Bagdad via See also: Mosul and Tekrit
.
In Bagdad he stayed several years, studying the See also: Koran and other See also: works of Moslem See also: theology, for controversial purposes, arguing with Nestorian Christians, and writing
..
In 1301 Ricold again appeared in Florence: some, See also: time after this he proposed to submit his Confutatio Alcorani to the See also: pope, but did not
.
He died on the 31st of See also: October 1320
.
As a traveller and observer his merits are conspicuous
.
His account of the Tatars and his sketch of MoslemSee also: religion and See also: manners are especially noteworthy
.
In spite of strong See also: prejudice, he shows remarkable breadth of view and appreciation of merit in systems the most hostile to his own
.
Of Ricold's Itinerary (Itinerarius [sic]) fifteen See also: MSS. exist, of which the chief are: (1) Florence, Laurentian Library, Fineschi, 326; (2) See also: Paris, See also: National Library, See also: Lat
.
4955, fols
.
46-55; (3) Wolfenbittel, See also: Cod
.
Weissenb
.
40, fols
.
73 B.-94 B
.
(all of 14th century)
.
Of his Epistles there is one MS., viz
.
See also: Rome, Vatican, 3717, fols
.
249 A.-267 A
.
The best edition of the Itinerary is by J . C . M . See also: Laurent, in Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor, pp. x05 (101)-41 (See also: Leipzig, 1864 and 1873)
.
The Epistles have been edited by R
.
Rohricht in Archives de t'orient latin, vol. ii. See also: part ii
.
(Documents) pp
.
258-96 (Paris,' 1884)
.
The Confutatio Alcorani, printed at Seville in 1500, at Venice in 1607, adds hardly anything to the sections of the Itinerary devoted to Moslem belief, &c
.
Ricold's Libellus contra Nationes Orientales and Contra errores Judaeorum have never been printed
.
See also C
.
See also: Raymond Beazley, Dawn of See also: Modern Geography, iii
.
190-202, 218, 390-91, 547, 554, 564 . RICOTTI-MAGNANI, CESARE (1822- ), Italian general and knight of the Annunziata, was born at Borgo Lavezzaro on the 3oth ofSee also: June 1822
.
As artillery See also: lieutenant he distinguished himself and was wounded at the siege of Peschiera in 1848, and in 1852 gained further distinction by his effortsto prevent the See also: explosion of a burning powder See also: magazine
.
After serving from 1856 to 1859. as director of the Artillery School; he became general of division in 1864, commanding the 9th division at the See also: battle of See also: San Martino
.
In the war of 1866 he stormed Borgoforte, to open a passage for Cialdini's army
.
Upon the See also: death of General Govone' in 1872 he was appointed See also: minister of war, and after the occupation of Rome bent all his efforts to army reform, in accordance with the lessons of the Franco-See also: German War
.
• He shortened the See also: period of military service; extended' conscription to all able-bodied men; created a permanent . army, a See also: mobile militia and a reserve; commenced the renewal of armaments; and placed See also: Italy in a position to put 1,800,000 men on 'a war footing: Ricotti See also: fell from power with the Right in '876, but returned to office with See also: Depretis in 1884, and amended his previous scheme of reform
.
Resigning in See also: April 1887, he became a member of the senate in ago, but took little part. in public See also: life until 1896, when, after the battle. of See also: Adowa, he was entrusted by See also: King
See also: Humbert with the formation of a See also: cabinet
.
' Having constructed his See also: ministry, he made over the premiership. to the See also: marquis di Rudini, retaining for himself the portfolio of war, and seeking to satisfy popular demands for the reduction of military See also: expenditure by consolidating .the See also: tactical structure of the army without weakening its fighting power
.
' Rudini, 'however, 'finding that Ricotti's; ideas, which he himself shared, were not acceptable at See also: court, obliged him to resign office
.
His See also: prestige as creator of the modern Italian army remained unimpaired, and his views on army consolidation enjoyed a large measure of technical and public favour
.
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