RICOLD OF See also:

• MONTE

MONTE CROCE (1242-1320)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Dominican missionary, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MONTE

Monte Croce, near See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence . In 1267 he entered the Dominican See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria Novella in Florence, and in 1272 that of St See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine in See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa . He started for See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre with a papal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to preach in 1286 or 1287: in 128& or .1289 he began to keep a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of his experiences in the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant; this record he probably reduced to final See also:

• BOOK

book See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad . Entering See also:

• SYRIA

Syria at Acre, he crossed See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

Galilee to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of See also:

• TIBERIAS

Tiberias; thence returning to Acre he seems to have travelled down the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast to Jaffa, and so up to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . After visiting the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan and the Dead Sea he quitted See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine by the coast road, retracing his steps to Acre and passing on by See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli and See also:

• TORTOSA

Tortosa into See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia . From the Cilician See also:

• PORT

port of Lajazzo he started on the See also:

• GREAT

great high road to See also:

• TABRIZ

Tabriz in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . See also:

• CROSSING

Crossing the See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

Taurus he travelled on by See also:

• SIVAS
• SIVAS (anc. Megalopolis-Sebasteia)

Sivas of See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia to See also:

• ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

Erzerum, the neighbourhood of See also:

• ARARAT
• ARARAT (Armen. Massis, Turk. Egri Dagh, i.e. " Painful Mountain," Pers. Koh-i-Nuh, i.e. " Mountain of Noah,")

Ararat and Tabriz . In and near Tabriz he preached for several months, after which he proceeded to Bagdad via See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul and Tekrit . In Bagdad he stayed several years, studying the See also:

• KORAN

Koran and other See also:

• WORKS

works of Moslem See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, for controversial purposes, arguing with Nestorian Christians, and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing .. In 1301 Ricold again appeared in Florence: some, See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time after this he proposed to submit his Confutatio Alcorani to the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, but did not . He died on the 31st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1320 . As a traveller and observer his merits are conspicuous .

His See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars and his See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of Moslem See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners are especially noteworthy . In spite of strong See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice, he shows remarkable breadth of view and appreciation of merit in systems the most hostile to his own . Of Ricold's Itinerary (Itinerarius [sic]) fifteen See also:

• MSS

MSS. exist, of which the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief are: (1) Florence, Laurentian Library, Fineschi, 326; (2) See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• NATIONAL

National Library, See also:

• LAT

Lat . 4955, fols . 46-55; (3) Wolfenbittel, See also:

• COD

Cod . Weissenb . 40, fols . 73 B.-94 B . (all of 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) . Of his Epistles there is one MS., viz . See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, Vatican, 3717, fols . 249 A.-267 A .

The best edition of the Itinerary is by J . C . M . See also:

• LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

Laurent, in Peregrinatores Medii Aevi Quatuor, pp. x05 (101)-41 (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1864 and 1873) . The Epistles have been edited by R . Rohricht in Archives de t'orient latin, vol. ii. See also:

• PART

part ii . (Documents) pp . 258-96 (Paris,' 1884) . The Confutatio Alcorani, printed at See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville in 1500, at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1607, adds hardly anything to the sections of the Itinerary devoted to Moslem belief, &c . Ricold's Libellus contra Nationes Orientales and Contra errores Judaeorum have never been printed . See also C . See also:

• RAYMOND, HENRY JARVIS (1820-1869)

Raymond Beazley, See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

Dawn of See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography, iii .

190-202, 218, 390-91, 547, 554, 564 . RICOTTI-MAGNANI, CESARE (1822- ), Italian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the Annunziata, was born at Borgo Lavezzaro on the 3oth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1822 . As See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant he distinguished himself and was wounded at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Peschiera in 1848, and in 1852 gained further distinction by his effortsto prevent the See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion of a burning See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine . After serving from 1856 to 1859. as director of the Artillery School; he became general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division in 1864, commanding the 9th division at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• SAN

San Martino . In the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1866 he stormed Borgoforte, to open a passage for Cialdini's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . Upon the See also:

• DEATH

death of General Govone' in 1872 he was appointed See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of war, and after the occupation of Rome See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent all his efforts to army reform, in accordance with the lessons of the Franco-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German War . • He shortened the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of military service; extended' See also:

• CONSCRIPTION (from Lat. con-, together, and scribere, to write)

conscription to all able-bodied men; created a permanent . army, a See also:

• MOBILE

mobile See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia and a reserve; commenced the renewal of armaments; and placed See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in a position to put 1,800,000 men on 'a war footing: Ricotti See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power with the Right in '876, but returned to See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office with See also:

• DEPRETIS, AGOSTINO (1813-1887)

Depretis in 1884, and amended his previous See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of reform . Resigning in See also:

• APRIL

April 1887, he became a member of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate in ago, but took little part. in public See also:

• LIFE

life until 1896, when, after the battle. of See also:

• ADOWA (properly ADUA)

Adowa, he was entrusted by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• HUMBERT, RANIERI CARLO EMANUELE GIOVANNI MARIA FERDINANDO EUGENIO, KING OF ITALY (1844-1900)

Humbert with the formation of a See also:

• CABINET

cabinet . ' Having constructed his See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, he made over the premiership. to the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis di Rudini, retaining for himself the See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio of war, and seeking to satisfy popular demands for the reduction of military See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure by consolidating .the See also:

• TACTICAL

tactical structure of the army without weakening its fighting power . ' Rudini, 'however, 'finding that Ricotti's; ideas, which he himself shared, were not acceptable at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, obliged him to resign office . His See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige as creator of the modern Italian army remained unimpaired, and his views on army consolidation enjoyed a large measure of technical and public favour .