See also:

• RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)

RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)  , a seaport of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, 366 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.W. of St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia . The Gulf of See also:

• RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)

Riga, 100 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 6o m. in width, with shallow See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of inconsiderable salinity (greatest See also:

• DEPTH

depth, 22 fathoms), freezes to some extent every See also:

• YEAR

year . The See also:

• TOWN

town is situated at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity of the gulf, 8 m. above the mouth of the See also:

• DVINA

Dvina, which brings Riga, by means of inland canals, into See also:

• WATER

water communication with the basins of the See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper and the See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga . Below the town the See also:

• RIVER

river divides into several branches, among islands and sandbanks, receiving before it enters the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea the Bolderaa river, and expanding towards the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east into wider lacustrine basins . Having See also:

• DIRECT

direct railway communication with the fertile parts of southern and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern Russia, Riga has become the second See also:

• PORT

port for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade on the Baltic, ranking next after St Petersburg . The port freezes on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average 127 days every year . The larger See also:

• SHIPS

ships cannot reach Riga, and are unloaded at Ust-See also:

• DVINSK

Dvinsk (formerly Dunamunde) . By no means all the trade with the interior is transported by the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways; no inconsiderable portion of the goods is carried by water . Riga consists of four parts—the old town and the St See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

Peters-See also:

• BURG

burg and See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow suburbs on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Dvina, and the See also:

• MITAU (Russian, Mitava; Lettish, Yelgava)

Mitau suburb on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank, the two sides being connected by a floating See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, which is removed in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and by a viaduct, 82o ft: long . The old town still preserves its Hanseatic features—high storehouses, with spacious See also:

• GRANARIES

granaries and cellars, flanking the narrow, winding streets . The only open spaces are the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and two other squares, one of which, facing the citadel, is adorned with a See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column erected (1818) in See also:

• COMMEMORATION

commemoration of the defeat of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I. in 1812 . The suburbs, with their broad and quiet boulevards on the site of the former fortifications, are steadily growing, The St Petersburg suburb is the seat of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy and See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant community .

Few antiquities of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval town remain . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, the Dom (St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's), founded in 1215, was burned in 1547, and the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• DATES

dates from the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but has been thoroughly restored since 1883 . Its See also:

• ORGAN

organ, dating from 1883, is one of the largest in the See also:

• WORLD

world . St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's church, with a beautiful See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 412 ft. high, was erected in 1406-9 . The See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, built in 1494-1515 by the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the Knights of the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

Sword, See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter von Plettenberg—a spacious building often rebuilt—is the seat of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian authorities . The . " See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Heads," a See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation or See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club of foreign merchants, was founded in 1330, and subsequently became the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of the wealthier youth of the place . Of the See also:

• RECENT

recent erections, the See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic, the. See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of the German writer, Johann Gottfried von See also:

• HERDER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED VON (1744-1803)

Herder, who lived at Riga towards the end of the 18th century, the337 gymnasiums (See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools) of See also:

• LOMONOSOV, MIKHAIL VASILIEVICH (1711-1765)

Lomonosov and See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander I. and . the large bonded warehouse are worthy of See also:

• NOTICE

notice . The esplanade (where a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral built in 1847-84 now stands), the Wohrmann See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park and the Imperial Park are much visited . Riga gives name to an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church and to an episcopal see of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church, and is the headquarters of the XX. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps . In the environs, Dubbeln and the sea-bathing resorts of Bilderlingshof and Majorenhof have numerous visitors in summer . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, which was 102,590 in 1867, increased to 168,728 in 1881 and to 282,943 in 1897, so that Riga now ranks seventh in the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of population; 47% of the inhabitants are Germans, 25% Russians and 23% Letts, with a small admixture of Esthonians, See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, &c .

The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city has a commercial school (1903), a municipal library, the Dom museum, an See also:

• ART

art museum with picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery (1904–5), technical and theological See also:

• MIDDLE

middle schools and a See also:

• PILOT

pilot and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation school . See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

Industrial activity has See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and includes railway-See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage See also:

• WORKS

works, works for the manufacture of machinery, oil See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills and breweries . Owing to its communication by water and rail with the forests of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White . Russia and See also:

• VOLHYNIA

Volhynia, Riga is a See also:

• GREAT

great mart for See also:

• TIMBER

timber . See also:

• FLAX

Flax and See also:

• LINSEED

linseed also occupy a prominent place, Riga being the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief Russian port for the extensive flax-producing region of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west Russia . Owing to the great railway which crosses the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country from Riga to See also:

• SMOLENSK

Smolensk, afterwards dividing into two branches, to See also:

• ORENBURG

Orenburg and See also:

• TSARITSYN

Tsaritsyn on the See also:

• LOWER

lower Volga respectively; Riga is the See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-house and place of export for See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp coming by rail from west central Russia, and for See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, Riga merchants sending their buyers as far east as See also:

• TAMBOV

Tambov . Oats, in particular, are extensively exported to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England from the central provinces . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, eggs, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, oilcake, hides, See also:

• TALLOW (M.E. talugh, talg, cf. Du. talk, L. Ger. talg ; the connexion with O.E. taelg, dye, or Goth, tulgus, firm, is doubtful)

tallow, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, rugs, feathers and other items add considerably to the See also:

• TOTAL

total value of the exports, which increased from 1; million See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling in 1851–6o to 8–14 millions sterling in 1901-5 . The imports, consisting chiefly of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, metals, machinery, See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, fruits and tobacco, are also rapidly increasing: whereas in 1851-6o they were valued at about a million sterling, in 1901-5 they reached 6-114 millions sterling . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Riga was founded in 1158, as a storehouse at the mouth of the Duna (Dvina), by a few See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen merchants . About 'Igo the Augustinian See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk Meinhard erected a monastery there, and in 11gg-1201 See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert I. of Livonia obtained from See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III. permission for German merchants to See also:

• LAND

land at the new See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose it for his seat, exercising his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power over the neighbouring See also:

• DISTRICT

district in connexion with the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic Knights . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the first half of the 13th century the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young city obtained the right of electing its own magistracy, and enlarged the walls erected during Albert I.'s See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time .

It joined the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League, and from 1253 refused to recognize the rights of the bishop and the knights . In 1420 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell once more under the See also:

• RULE

rule of the bishop, who maintained his authority until 1566, when it was abolished in consequence of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund II., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, took Riga in 1547, and in 1558 the Russians burned its suburbs and many ships in the river . In 1561 Gotthard See also:

• KETTELER, WILHELM EMMANUEL, BARON VON (1811-1877)

Ketteler publicly abdicated his mastership of the order of the Teutonic Knights; and Riga, together' with southern Livonia, became a See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession; after some unsuccessful attempts to reintroduce Roman Catholicism, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• BATHORY, SIGISMUND (ZSIGMOND), (1572-1613)

Bathory, king of Poland, recognized the religious freedom of the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant population . Throughout the 17th century Riga was a See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone of contention between See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, Poland and Russia . In 1621 Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus, king of Sweden, took it from Poland, and held it against the Poles and the Russians, who besieged it in 1656 . During the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War between Sweden and Russia, it was courageously defended (1700), but after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• POLTAVA

Poltava it succumbed, and was taken in See also:

• JULY

July 1710 by the Russians . In 1781 it was made by Russia the capital of the Riga viceroyalty, but fifteen years later, the viceroyalty having been abolished, it was made the capital of Livonia . In 1812, the approach of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French being apprehended, the suburbs were burned . (P . A . K.; J .

T .