See also:

• RINDERPEST (German for " cattle-plague," which is. the English synonym)

RINDERPEST (See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German for " See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague," which is. the See also:

• ENGLISH

English synonym)  , one of the most infectious and fatal diseases of oxen, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, &c.; a virulent eruptive See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever which runs its course so rapidly and attacks such a large percentage of ruminants when it is introduced into a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, that from the earliest times it has ex-cited terror and dismay . It is an See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic malady, and has prevailed extensively in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, central See also:

• ASIA

Asia, See also:

• CHINA

China, Indo-China, See also:

• BURMA

Burma, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon and the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago . Thence it has at times been carried into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and towards the end of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century into South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . It appeared in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt in 1844 and 1865, See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia in 189o, See also:

• JAPAN

Japan in 1892, and the Philippines in 1898 . It has been noted that its irruptions into Europe in the earlier centuries of our era always coincided with invasions of barbarous tribes in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Europe; and even at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the. disease accompanied the events of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, when troops with their See also:

• COMMISSARIAT

commissariat moved from the east towards the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, or' See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, when they were carried in the same direction . One of the earliest recorded irruptions of cattle-See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague into western Europe occurred in the 5th century after the sanguinary invasion of the See also:

• HUNS

Huns under See also:

• ATTILA (d. 453)

Attila, the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Goths from See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and the fierce internecine See also:

• WARS

wars of the whole Germanic See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . The disease appears then to have been carried from Hungary through See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria to See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia, whileby See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant it obtained See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, See also:

• PICARDY (La Picardie)

Picardy, and so on to the other provinces of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . In the curious poem De Mortibus Bovum written by St See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus, who lived at that period, the course and destructiveness of the disease are specially alluded to . Many invasions of Europe are de-scribed, and in several of these See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain was visited by it—as in 809-10, 986-87, !I223-25, 1513-14, and notably in 1713, 1745, 1774, 1799 . In 1865 and 1872 it was imported See also:

• DIRECT

direct from Russia . In 1870-71 it destroyed 70,000 cattle in France, 30,000 in See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, and 1o,000 in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany .

In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England an outbreak occurred in 18'77, when it was imported from Germany, where the disease continued until 1879 . The infective See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent has not been positively identified, but it is known to exist in all the various secretions and excretions, in the flesh, See also:

• BLOOD

blood and various See also:

• ORGANS

organs of the See also:

• BODY

body . Contagion may be direct or indirect, and the disease may be conveyed to healthy cattle by contaminated See also:

• FODDER

fodder, See also:

• LITTER (through O. Fr. litere or litiere, mod. litiere from Med. Lat. lectaria, classical lectica, lectus, bed, couch)

litter, See also:

• WATER

water, clothing, pasture, sheds, railway wagons, hides, horns See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid hoofs . Attend-ants, See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, birds, See also:

• VERMIN (Fr. vermine, formed as if from Lat. verminus, vcrmis, a worm)

vermin and flies may spread the infection . Definite symptoms of the disease may not be recognized until the expiration of three to six' days after exposure, the period of See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation . Symptoms.—Like some other See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general. diseases, this does not offer any exclusive or pathognomonic symptoms, but is rather characterized by a- See also:

• GROUP

group of functional and anatomical alterations . An exact knowledge of its symptoms and necroscopical appearances is of the utmost importance, as its See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension and consequent ravages can only be arrested through its timely recognition and the immediate See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the necessary sanitary See also:

• MEASURES

measures . Intense fever, See also:

• DIARRHOEA (from Gr. &Q, through, pfw, flow)

diarrhoea or See also:

• DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery, croupous inflammation of the mucous membranes in general, sometimes a cutaneous papular eruption, and See also:

• GREAT

great prostration See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the course of the See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection, which is frequently most difficult to diagnose during See also:

• LIFE

life, especially if its presence is not suspected . Its introduction and mode of See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation can, in many instances, be ascertained only at a See also:

• LATE

late period, and when great loss may already have been sustained . In the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of cases the examination of the carcase of an See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal which has died or been purposely killed is the best way to arrive at a correct diagnosis . Indeed, this is practically the only certain means of concluding as to the presence of the malady, as there are considerable See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief symptoms with regard to their intensity as well as in the secondary symptoms or epiphenomena . Among cattle indigenous to the regions in which this malady may be said to be enzootic the symptoms are often comparatively slight, and the mortality not great .

So much is this the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case that veterinary surgeons who can readily distinguish the disease when it affects the cattle. of western Europe, can only with difficulty diagnose it in animals from Hungary, See also:

• BESSARABIA

Bessarabia, See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia, or other countries where it is always more or less prevalent . In these the indications of fever are usually of brief duration, and signs of lassitude and debility are, in some in-stances, the only marks of the presence of this virulent disorder in animals which may, nevertheless, communicate the disease in its most deadly See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form to the cattle of other countries . Slight diarrhoea may also be See also:

• PRESENT

present, and a cutaneous eruption, accompanied by gastric disturbance, See also:

• RUNNING

running at the eyes, and occasional cough . In the more See also:

• MALIGNANT (Lat. malignus, evil-disposed, from maligenus)

malignant form the fever runs high, See also:

• ROE (or Row), SIR THOMAS (c. 1581—1644)
• ROE, EDWARD PAYSON (1838-1888)

roe to 107° Fahr., and all the characteristic symptoms are well marked: dulness, sunken eyes, eruption on the skin, discharges from eyes, See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and mouth, shivering fits, difficult breathing, dry, harsh cough, miliary eruptions on the gums, See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of See also:

• BRAN

bran-like exudate within the lips, fetid breath, with certain See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous phenomena, and dysenteric dejections . See also:

• DEATH

Death generally occurs in four or five days, the course of the disorder being more rapid with animals kept in sheds than with those living in the open, and in summer than in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . The See also:

• POST

post-mortem appearances are most marked in the See also:

• DIGESTIVE

digestive See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, and comprise red spots and erosions on the See also:

• PALATE (Lat. palatum, possibly from the root of pascere, to feed)

palate, lips, See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue and pharynx; intense congestion of the lining of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach, which in places is covered with a See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey or reddish pultaceous See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit, under which the membrane is deeply ulcerated . Similar lesions are seen in the small See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine, caecum and rectum . The membrane lining the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air passages is congested throughout, and the lungs are emphysematous . In See also:

• RECENT

recent years much has been done in Russia and India towards the prevention of See also:

• RINDERPEST (German for " cattle-plague," which is. the English synonym)

rinderpest by inoculation and the use of immunizing sera . In South Africa the bile method (or the injection of bile obtained from cattle dead of rinderpest), discovered by See also:

• KOCH
• KOCH, ROBERT (1843–1910)

Koch, in 1896; bile with admixture of glycerine, recommended by Edington; the simultaneous injection of serum and rinderpest blood, introduced by See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner and Kollein 1897, and repeated injection of fortified serum atone, have been employed, more or less successfully, in conferring See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity . But elsewhere the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• ACTION

action has been in the direction of preventing the introduction of the disease by prohibiting the importation of cattle from infected countries .