See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

RING (O.E. hring; a word See also:

• COMMON

common to See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages; and probably cognate with the See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in See also:

• ART

art, a See also:

• BAND

band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f  or various purposes, but, particularly, a circular See also:

• BAND

band of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver or other See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious or decorative material used as an See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament, not only for the See also:

• FINGER

finger, but also for the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear (see 'EARRING), or even for the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, where it is still worn by certain races in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India and See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . The word is also used of many See also:

• OBJECTS

objects which in structure take the shape of a circle or hoop, such as the tracheal rings, the circular-shaped bands of See also:

• CARTILAGE (Lat. cartilage, gristle)

cartilage in the walls of the See also:

• WINDPIPE

windpipe, the " See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rings," or concentric layers of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood produced each See also:

• YEAR

year in the trunks of trees, &c . In transferred senses " See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring " is also applied to an enclosed space, whether circular, See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval or otherwise: hence to the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena of a See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus or See also:

• HIPPODROME (Gr. irrbSpo,uos, from irros, horse, and Spoµos, racecourse)

hippodrome, the enclosure for a See also:

• BOXING (M.E. box, a blow, probably from Dan. bask, a buffet)

boxing contest, or to the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on a racecourse reserved for the bookmakers for the purpose of betting . A particular application in a transferred sense is that to a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of persons in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade for the purpose of See also:

• CON

con- allowed it to revolve . " To ring," in the sense of to make a See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound, is a different word . It also appears in various See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and is probably of onomatopoeic origin, and may be akin to See also:

• LAT

Lat. clangor . In See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Babylonia and See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria finger rings do not appear to have been used . In those countries the signet took a different See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, namely, that of a See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder cut in crystal or other hard See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and perforated from end to end . A See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord cylinders . . was passed through it, and it was worn on the See also:

• WRIST

wrist like. a See also:

• BRACELET, or ARMLET

bracelet . This way of wearing the signet is more than once alluded to in the Old Testament (Gen. xxxviii . 18, R.V., and Cant. viii .

6) . Within the limits necessarily imposed by its purpose the finger• ring assumed a considerable variety of form, according to its date and place of origin . In the Cretan and Mycenaean periods a characteristic form of ring had a broad See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• BEZEL (from an O. Fr. word, cf. Mod. Fr. biseau, basile, possibly connected with Lat. bis, twice)

bezel, not organically connected with the hoop, and having an incised See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design in the gold . The use of inset stones hardly occurs, but rings from Enkomi and See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina of the See also:

• LATE

late Mycenaean See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period have inset See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste decorations . • The Phoenician type of ring was primarily intended to carry a See also:

• SCARAB (Lat. scarabaeus, connected with Gr. K6.pa(3or)

scarab or scarabaeoid, usually in a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box setting on a swivel, called for by the fact that the flat See also:

• BASE

base of the scarab would be wanted for sealing purposes, but in See also:

• WEAR

wear would be most conveniently turned inwards . Strength being necessary, the hoop became massive . A similar arrangement of the signet-scarab is found attached to a See also:

• TWISTED

twisted ring, which, from its shape, must have been meant to be suspended, and which is shown thus worn on some of the Cypriote terra-cottas . The See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek ring of an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early period has a characteristic flattened bezel, for an See also:

• INTAGLIO (an Ital. word, from intagliare, to incise, cut into)

intaglio design in the gold . Such engravings attained See also:

• GREAT

great freedom and beauty in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C . An alternative form was a swivel ring for a scarab or scarabaeoid, imitating the Phoenician shape . When the stone was flat and inset the bezel became a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal to hold it securely . Among the Greeks signet rings were very largely worn .

In See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta a sumptuary See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law. was passed at an early See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to forbid any substance more valuable than See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron to be used for signet rings; but in other parts of the Hellenic See also:

• WORLD

world there appears to have been no restriction of this' sort . In some of the numerous tombs of See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria and Kertch (Panticapaeum) in the Cimmerian Bosphorus gold rings of great magnificence have been discovered, apparently of the finest Greek workmanship . Fig. r shows a ring from the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea with a finely engraved scarabaeus in gold, with an intaglio See also:

• ENGRAVING

engraving on the base . Fig . 2, also from the . Crimea, has a cornelian carved in See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion form in place of the scarab, and has an intaglio figure on the base of a See also:

• RUNNING

running lion . Fig . 3 shows a Greek ring with an incised design in a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain bezel . Fig . 4 is a ring from which the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a signet is entirely wanting . 2 See also:

• FIGS

Figs. r-6, 8 and 9 are from Dr See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Forrer's Reallexikor. by permission of W . Spemann, See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart .

trolling markets, prices, etc . In the See also:

• ART

art sense (see also GEMS), the See also:

• ENGLISH

English and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German "ring" corresponds to the Gr . 6arr6Acos, Lat. annulus, Fr. anneau . The enlarged See also:

• PART

part of a ring on which the See also:

• DEVICE

device is engraved is called the " bezel," the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of it being the " hoop." To decorate the human finger with a ring, if possible with one combining beauty, value and a distinctive See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, was a widely spread natural impulse . At an early period, when the art of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing was known to but very few, it was commonly the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom for men to. wear rings on which some distinguishing sign or badge was engraved (Firto-rluov), so that by using it as a See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal the owner could give a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of authenticity to letters or other documents . Thus, when some royal personage wished to delegate his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to one of his officials, it was not unusual for him to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand over his signet ring, by means of which the full royal authority could be given to the written commands of the subordinate (cf . Gen. xli . 42; Esth. viii . 2) . Among the See also:

• BATTAS (Dutch Battaks)

Battas of See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra rings of a certain form are used to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day as passports . The earliest existing rings are naturally those found in the tombs of ancient . See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt .

The finest examples date from about e~pn the XVIIIth to the XXth See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

Dynasty; they are of pure rings. gold, See also:

• SIMPLE

simple in design, very heavy and massive, and have usually the name and titles of the owner deeply sunk in hieroglyphic characters on an oblong gold bezel . Rings worn in Egypt by the poorer classes were made of less costly materials, such as silver, See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass or pottery covered with a siliceous glaze and coloured brilliant See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green with various See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper oxides . Some of these had hieroglyphic See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions impressed while the See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay was moist . Other examples have been found made of See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, See also:

• AMBER

amber and hard stones, such as See also:

• CARNELIAN

carnelian . Another form of ring used in the XIIth and subsequent dynasties of Egypt had a scarab in place of the bezel, and was mounted on a gold hoop which passed through the hole in the scarab and Greek rings . The Etruscans used very largely the gold swivel ring mounted with a scarab, a form of signet probably introduced from Egypt . Some found in See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan tombs have real Btrascan See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian scarabs with legible hieroglyphs; others, rings . probably the See also:

• WORK

work of Phoenician or native engravers, have See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude copies of hieroglyphs, either quite or partially illegible . A third and more numerous class of Etruscan signet rings have scarabs, cut usually in said or carnelian, which are a See also:

• LINK

link -between the art of Egypt and that of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, the design cut on the flat See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side being Hellenic in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, while the back is shaped like the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary Egyptian scarabaeus See also:

• BEETLE (O. Eng. bityl; connected with " bite ")

beetle . One from Etruria, now in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, is formed by two minutely modelled lions whose bodies form the hoop, while their paws hold the bezel, a scarab engraved with a lion of heraldic character . An alternative type of Etruscan ring (as in fig . 5) has an incised design on the gold :bezel, or a flat stone set in the rigid bezel .

In either See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the Etruscan rings tend to extravagance in See also:

• SIZE

size .and elaboration . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans appear to have imitated the simplicity of Lacedaemonia . Throughout the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic none but iron rings were worn by the bulk of the citizens, and even these who were privileged to wear gold rings, and then only while performing some public See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . Next senators, consuls, See also:

• EQUITES (" horsemen " or " knights," from eques," horse ")

equites and all the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state received the See also:

• JUS

jus annuli aurei . In the Augustan See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age many valuable collections of See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique rings were made, and were frequently offered as gifts in the temples of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . One of the largest and most valuable of the dactyliothecae was dedicated in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo Palatinus by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus's See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus (See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, H.N. See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 5) . The temple of See also:

• CONCORD
• CONCORD, BOOK OF (Liber Concordiae)

Concord in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum contained another; in this collection was the celebrated ring of See also:

• POLYCRATES

Polycrates, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SAMOS

Samos, the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of which is told by See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus; Pliny, however, doubts the authenticity of this relic (H.N. xxxvii . 2) . Different See also:

• LAWS

laws as to the wearing of rings existed during the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire: Tiberius made a large See also:

• PROPERTY

property qualification necessary for the wearing of gold rings in the case of those who were not of See also:

• FREE

free descent (Pliny, H.N. xxxiii . 8); See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus conceded the right to all See also:

• ROMAN

Roman soldiers; and later still all free citizens possessed the jus annuli aurei, silver rings being worn by freedmen and iron by slaves . Under Justinian even these restrictions passed away .

In the rings of the Roman period the decoration is no longer an See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory of the bezel alone . It modifies the form of the hoop, which may be polygonal or angular (see fig . 6) . The ring here figured is set with an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, as an See also:

• AMULET (Late Lat. amuletum, origin unknown; falsely connected with the Arab. himdlah, a cord used to suspend a small Koran from the neck)

amulet, capable of turning on a swivel . In the 3rd and 4th centuries Roman rings were made en-graved with See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian symbols . Fig . 7 shows two silver rings of the latter part of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century which were found in 1881 concealed in a hole in the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement of a Roman See also:

• VILLA

villa at Fifehead See also:

• NEVILLE, GEORGE (c. 1432-1476)
• NEVILLE, or NEVILL
• NEVILLE, RALPH (d. 1244)

Neville, See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset, together with some coins of the same period . Both have the See also:

• MONOGRAM (from Late Lat. monogramma, in Late Gr. µovoypaµµov, from µovos, single, ypaµµa, letter)

monogram of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, and one has a See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

dove within an See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• WREATH (O. Eng. wry, from wriian, to twist)

wreath rudely cut on the silver bezel . These rings are of See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest, as Roman objects with any Christian device have very rarely been found in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . Fig . 8 is a choice example of a gold See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key-ring of the Christianperiod, with See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good wishes inscribed in pierced gold work—accipe dulcis, multis annis (Brit . See also:

• MUS

Mus.) .

Part of FIG . 9 . Part of FIG . 9 . Fig . 9 is a gold ring from See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna (Brit . Mus.) with seven incised intaglio medallions, with a figure of Christ on the bezel . Assigned to the 5th century . Large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of gold rings have been found in many parts of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in the tombs of early See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic races . They are usually of very pure gold, often penannular in form—with a slight break, that is, in the hoop so as to form a Celtic rings . See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . They are often of gold See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire formed into a sort of rope, or else a simple See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar twisted in an ornamental way .

Some of the quite plain penannular rings were used in the place of coined See also:

• MONEY

money . Throughout the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages the signet ring was a thing of great importance in religious, legal, commercial and private matters . The episcopal ring' was solemnly conferred upon the newly made See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop together with his See also:

• CROZIER
• CROZIER, WILLIAM (1855– )

crozier, a special See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula for this being inserted in the Pontifical . In the earliest references to rings worn by bishops, there is nothing Bpisc°-pa! nags. to distinguish them from other signet rings . In A.D . 6io the first mention has been found of the episcopal ring as a well-understood See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of dignity . It is clear that it was derived from the signet . It was only in the 12th century and onwards that it was brought into mystical connexion with the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage ring . In the time of See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III . (1194) the ring was ordered to be of pure gold mounted with a stone that was not engraved; but this See also:

• RULE

rule appears not to have been strictly kept . Owing to the custom of burying the episcopal ring in its owner's See also:

• COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin, a great many See also:

• FINE

fine examples still exist . Among the splendid collection of rings formed by the distinguished naturalist See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• WATER

Water- ton, and now in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington Museum, is a fine gold episcopal ring decorated with See also:

• NIELLO (the Italian form of Lat. nigellum, diminutive of ?tiger, " black "; Late Gr. /IAAavbv)

niello, and inscribed with the name of Alhstan, bishop of See also:

• SHERBORNE

Sherborne from 824 to 867 (see fig .

1o) . In many cases an antique See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem FIG . Io.—Ring of Bishop was mounted in the bishop's ring, and Alhstan . often an inscription was added in the gold setting of the gem to give a Christian name to the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan figure . The monks of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham, for example, made an intaglio of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter See also:

• SERAPIS

Serapis into a portrait of St See also:

• OSWALD (c. 605—642)
• OSWALD (d. 992)

Oswald by adding the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend CAPVT S. oswALDI . In other cases the engraved gem appears to have been merely regarded as an ornament with-out meaning—as, for example, a magnificent gold ring found in the coffin of Seffrid, bishop of See also:

• CHICHESTER

Chichester (I See also:

• I25

I25-1151), in which is mounted a Gnostic intaglio . Another in the Water-ton collection bears a Roman See also:

• CAMEO

cameo in plasma of a See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head in high See also:

• RELIEF

relief; the gold ring itself is of the 12th century . More commonly the episcopal ring was set with a large See also:

• SAPPHIRE

sapphire, See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

ruby or other stone cut en cabochon, that is, without facets, and very magnificent in effect (see fig . _1i) . It was 1 See a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by Edm . See also:

• WATERTON, CHARLES (1782-1865)

Waterton in See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch . Jour. xx. p .

224, also Cabrol, Dict. d'arch. chretienne, s.v . " Anneaux." Roman were forbidden to slaves . Ambassadors were the first rings . worn over the bishop's gloves, usually on the forefinger of the right hand; and this accounts for the large size of the hoop of these rings . In the 15th and 16th centuries bishops often wore three or four rings on the right hand in addition to a large See also:

• JEWEL, JOHN (1522-1571)

jewel which was fixed to the back of each See also:

• GLOVE (O. Eng. glof, perhaps connected with Gothic lofa, the palm of the hand)

glove . The papal " Ring of the Fisherman " (annulus piscatoris) bears the device of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter in a See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat, See also:

• DRAWING

drawing a See also:

• NET

net from ..Ringo' the water . The first mention of it, as the well-under- the stood See also:

• PERSONAL

personal signet ring of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, that has been See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

Fisher- found, occurs in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement IV. in 1265 . See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man." After the middle of the 15th century it was no longer used as the private seal of the popes, but was always attached to briefs . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of a pope the ring is broken . A new ring with the space for the name See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank is taken into the See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

conclave, and placed on the finger of the newly elected pontiff, who thereupon declares what name he will assume, and gives back the ring to be engraved (see Waterton, Archaeologia, 40, p . 138) . The so-called papal rings, of which many exist dating from the 15th to the 17th centuries, appear to have been given by the popes to new-made cardinals .

They are very worked, and set with a foiled piece of glass or crystal . On the hoop is usually engraved the name and arms of the reigning pope, the bezel being without a device . They are of little See also:

• INTRINSIC (through Fr. intrinsique, from Lat. intrinsecus, inwardly; inter, within, secus, following, from root of sequi, to follow)

intrinsic value, but magnificent in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . The giving of a ring to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark a See also:

• BETROTHAL (A.S. treowth, " truth ")

betrothal was an old Roman custom . The ring was probably a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge, pignus, that Betrothal the See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract would be fulfilled . In Pliny's time and conservative custom still required a plain ring of iron, See also:

• WEDDING

wedding but the gold ring was introduced in the course of the rings . 2nd century . This use of the ring, which was thus of purely See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular origin, received ecclesiastical See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction, and formulae of See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction of the ring exist from the lrth century . The exact stages by which the wedding ring See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed from the betrothal ring can no longer be traced . Gemel or gimmel rings, from the Latin gemellus, a twin, were made with two hoops fitted together, and could be worn Hemel either together or singly; they were See also:

• COMMON

common in the rings . 16th and 17th centuries, and were much used as betrothal rings . See also:

• POSY (a shortened form of poesy, Fr. poesie, poetry)

Posy rings, so called from the " poesy " or See also:

• RHYME

rhyme engraved on them, were specially common in the same centuries .

The name " posy ring " does not occur earlier than the 16th Posy century . A posy ring inscribed with " Love me rings . and leave me not " is mentioned by See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare (Mer. of Ven., See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act v. sc . 1) . The custom of inscribing rings with mottoes or words of good See also:

• OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

omen See also:

• DATES

dates from a very early time . Greek and Roman rings exist with words such as zxcAlc, XAIPE, $AAH, or votis meis Claudia vivas . In the Middle Ages many rings were inscribed with words of cabalistic power, such as anam zapta, or Caspar, Melchior and Balthasar, the supposed names of the Magi . In the 17th century they were largely used as wedding rings, with such phrases as " Love and obaye," " Fear See also:

• GOD

God and love me," " No See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift can show the love I owe," " God above increase our love " or " Mulier viro subjecta esto." In the same century memorial rings with a name and date of death were frequently made of very elaborate form, en-Memorial amelled in See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white; a not unusual design was rings. two skeletons See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent along the hoop, and holding a coffin which formed the bezel . See also:

• CRAMP
• CRAMP, CHARLES HENRY (1828— )

Cramp rings were much worn during the Middle Ages as a preservative against cramp . They derived their virtue from being blessed by the king; a special form of service Cramp was used for this, and a large number of rings were rings, consecrated at one time, usually when the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign touched patients for the king's evil . See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

Decade rings were not uncommon, especially in the 15th century; these were so called from their having ten knobs along the hoop of the ring, and were used, after the Decade manner of rosaries, to say nine ayes and a paternoster. rings . In some cases there are only nine knobs, the bezel of the ring being counted in, and taking the place of the gaudein a See also:

• ROSARY (Lat. rosarium)

rosary .

The bezel of these rings is usually engraved with a sacred monogram or word . In the 15th and 16th centuries signet rings engraved with a badge or trademark were much used by merchants and others; these were not only used to form See also:

• SEALS

seals, but Mer- the ring itself was often sent by a trusty See also:

• BEARER

bearer as chants' the proof of the genuineness of a See also:

• BILL

bill of demand .l rings . At the same time private gentlemen used massive rings wholly of gold with their See also:

• INITIALS (Lat. initialis, of or belonging to a beginning, initium)

initials cut on the bezel, and a graceful See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot of See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers See also:

• TWINING, THOMAS (1735-1804)

twining See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the letters . Other fine gold rings of this period have coats of arms or crests with graceful lambrequins . See also:

• POISON

Poison rings with a hollow bezel were used in classical times; as, for example, that by which See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal killed himself, and the poison ring of See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes . Pliny records that, after See also:

• CRASSUS (literally " dense," " thick," " fat ")

Crassus had stolen the gold treasure from under poison rings. the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Capitoline Jupiter, the See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine, to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture, " See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the gem of his ring in his mouth and died immediately." The See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval anello della morte, supposed to be a Venetian invention, was actually used as an easy method of See also:

• MURDER

murder . Among the elaborate ornaments of the bezel a hollow point made to work with a spring was concealed; it communicated with a receptacle for poison in a cavity behind, in such a way that the murderer could give the fatal scratch while shaking hands with his enemy . This device was probably suggested by the poison See also:

• FANG (FAN, FANWE, PANWE, PAHOUIN, PAOUEN, MPANGWE)

fang of a snake . A very large and elaborate form of ring is that used during the Jewish marriage service . Fine examples of the 16th and 17th centuries exist . In the place of the bezel is a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, minutely worked in gold or base metal, of a See also:

• BUILDING

building with high gabled See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, and frequently movable weathercocks on the See also:

• APEX

apex . This is a conventional See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the temple at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem .

Perhaps the most magnificent rings from the beauty of the workmanship of the hoop are those of which Benvenuto Ceilini produced the finest examples . They are of gold, richly chased and modelled with See also:

• CARYATIDES (Latinized from the Greek; the plural of Caryatis, i.e. a woman of Caryae in Laconia)

caryatides or See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque figures, and are decorated with coloured enamels in a very skilful and elaborate way . Very fine jewels are sometimes set in these magnificent pieces of 16th-century jewellery . Thumb rings were commonly worn from the 14th to the 17th century . Falstaff boasts that in his youth he was slender enough to " creep into any See also:

• ALDERMAN (from A.-S. ealdorman, compounded of the comparative degree of the adjective eald, old, and man)

alderman's fns b thumb ring" (Shakes., See also:

• HEN

Hen . IV., Pt . I., act ii. sc . 4) . The finest collections of rings formed in Britain have been those of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Londesborough, Edmund Waterton (now in the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert Museum) and the collection in the British Museum, which was greatly augmented in 1897 by the See also:

• BEQUEST (from 0. Eng. becwethan, to declare or express in words; cf. " quoth ")

bequest of the late See also:

• SIR

Sir A . W . See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks . Bibliography.—Licetus, De Anulis antiquis (See also:

• UDINE

Udine, 1645); Kirchmann, De Annulis (See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig, 1657) ; King, Antique Gems and Rings, 1872; See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall, See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of Finger Rings in the British Museum, 1907; Cabrol, Dictionnaire d'archeologie chretienne, s.v .

" Anneaux "; articles of Waterton in Archaeologia and Archaeological See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal . (J . H . M.; A . H . SM.) RING-See also:

• GOAL

GOAL, a See also:

• GAME

game for two persons played on a ground, or indoor rink, 78 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by ro ft. wide, with a ring of split See also:

• CANE

cane about 71 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and weighing about 31 oz., which is propelled in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air by means of two sticks, resembling See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature billiard-cues, which are held inside the ring . The goals consist of two uprights 8 ft. high and ro ft. apart, from which a net is stretched on an incline, so that its base will be a few feet behind the goal-See also:

• LINE

line, and the See also:

• OBJECT

object of the game is to drive the ring into these goals, each goal made scoring one point . The ring must be propelled by the server and caught by his opponent, on one or both of his sticks, if he can, and so returned alternately, and a point is scored for either player if it be stopped by his opponent in any other manner . A point is also scored for the See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver if the server, who begins the game, throw the ring so that it falls to the ground before 1 The celebrated ring given to See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth was meant to be used for a similar purpose . It is set with a fine cameo portrait of Elizabeth cut in See also:

• SARDONYX

sardonyx, of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian workmanship . Papal large thumb rings, usually of gilt bronze coarsely rings, See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew rings . the receiver can catch it between the creases, which are lines See also:

• DRAWN

drawn across the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court 6 ft. from the goal-lines, or the ring be driven out of court .

Eleven points constitute a game . Ring-goal was invented by an under-See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate of See also:

• KEBLE, JOHN (1792-1866)

Keble See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, about 1885, and was played at Oxford, but without attracting any wide popularity .