See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology)  , the gravest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, known to the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . It consists in a tumultuous disturbance of the peace by an assemblage of three or more persons who, with See also:

• INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)

intent to help one another against any one who opposes them in the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of some enterprise, actually execute that enterprise in a violent and turbulent manner, to the terror of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . It is not necessary that violence should be used to any See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person or damage done to any See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Whether the enterprise itself is lawful or unlawful is not material, the gist of the offence lying in the mode in which the enterprise is carried out (The See also:

• TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar Square Riots, 1888, 16 See also:

• COX, DAVID (1783-1859)
• COX, JACOB DOLSON (1828-1900)
• COX, KENYON (1856– )
• COX, RICHARD (I3oo ?–1581)
• COX, SAMUEL (1826–1893)
• COX, SAMUEL HANSON (1793-1880)
• COX, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM (1827-1902)

Cox . Cr . Casa 420, 427; See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, Dig . Crim . Law, 6th ed., See also:

• ART

art . 77) . Nor is it material whether the enterprise is of a private or a public nature, though in the latter See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the rioters may also be guilty of See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition or treason . An See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly in its inception perfectly lawful may become ariot if the persons assembled proceed to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and execute a See also:

• COMMON

common purpose in the manner above stated, although they had no such purpose when they first assembled . See also:

• RIOT (0. Fr. riote, of uncertain etymology)

Riot differs from " See also:

• AFFRAY

Affray " in the number of persons necessary to constitute the offence, from an " Unlawful Assembly " in that actual tumult or violence is an essential See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, and from " Rout,"which may be described as a beginning or endeavour to create a riot .

It was considered as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that the English common law gave an insufficient remedy against riot . In 1.36o the See also:

• STATUTE

statute of 34 See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. gave See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction to justices to restrain, See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest and imprison: rioters . In 1393 the statute of 17 See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II. conferred similar See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers on the' See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff and Posse comitatus . Numerous other acts extending the common law were passed, especially in the Tudor reigns (see Stephen, See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Criminal Law, vol. i. p . 202) . Both these acts above mentioned are still on the statute See also:

• BOOK

book, but the earliest See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act now in force of real importance as to this offence is the Riot Act (1716), which creates certain statutory offences for riot attended by circumstances of See also:

• AGGRAVATION (from Lat. ad, increasing, and gravis, heavy)

aggravation . That act makes it the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of a See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, sheriff,. See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor or other authority, wherever twelve persons or more are unlawfully, riotously and tumultuously assembled together, to the disturbance of the public peace, to resort to the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of such assembly and read the following See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation: " Our See also:

• SOVEREIGN

Sovereign See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King chargeth and commandeth all persons being assembled immediately to disperse themselves, and peaceably to depart to their habitations or to their lawful business, upon the pains contained in the act made in the first See also:

• YEAR

year of King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George for preventing tumultuous and riotous assemblies . See also:

• GOD

God See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the King." It is a See also:

• FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony to obstruct the See also:

• READING

reading of the proclamation or to remain or continue together unlawfully, riotously and tumultuously for one See also:

• HOUR

hour after the proclamation was made or for one hour after it would have been made but for being hindered . The act requires the justices to seize and apprehend' all persons continuing after the hour, and indemnifies them and those who act under their authority from liability for injuries caused thereby . The See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for the felony is penal See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude for See also:

• LIFE

life or for a See also:

• TERM

term of not less than three years, or imprisonment with or without hard labour for not more than two years . Prosecutions for an offence against the act must be commenced within twelve months after the offence . By s .

11 of the Malicious Damage Act 1861 (which is a re-enactment of a similar See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision made in 1827 in consequence of the See also:

• FRAME

frame-breaking riots), it is a felony for persons riotously and tumultuously assembled together to the disturbance of the public peace to unlawfully and with force demolish or begin to demolish or pull down or destroy any See also:

• BUILDING

building, public building, machinery or See also:

• MINING

mining plant . The punishment is the same as for a felony under the Riot Act . By s . 12 it is a See also:

• MISDEMEANOUR (from O. Fr. mes- and demener, to conduct oneself ill)

misdemeanour' to injure or damage such building, &c . The punishment is penal servitude from three to. seven years, or imprisonment as in the case of the two felonies above described . Under the See also:

• SHIPPING

Shipping Offences Act (1793) a riotous assemblage of three or more See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen, See also:

• SHIP

ship's carpenters and other persons, unlawfully and with force preventing and hindering or obstructing the loading or unloading or the sailing or See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of any See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel, or unlawfully and with force boarding any vessel with intent to prevent, &c., is punishable on a first conviction as a misdemeanour by imprisonment from six to twelve months, ,nd on a second conviction as a felony by penal servitude from three to fourteen years . And under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 (s . 40) See also:

• SUMMARY

summary penalties are provided for forcible interference with seamen in the exercise of their lawful occupation . Besides these enactments there are others aimed at similar offences, such as See also:

• SMUGGLING

smuggling, forcible entry and detainer, tumultuous petitioning (1661, 13 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II.), holding large See also:

• POLITICAL

political meetings within a certain distance of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall during the sitting of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament (Seditious Meetings Act 1817) . For these offences see Stephen, Dig . Cr . Law, 6th ed., arts .

81-87 . It is the duty of a See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of a riot to assemble subjects of the See also:

• REALM

realm, whether See also:

• CIVIL

civil or military, for the purpose of quelling the riot . In this duty he is aided by the common law, and a statute of 1414 (See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry V.), under which all subjects of the realm are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to assist on reasonable warning, and by various enactments enabling the authorities to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call out themilitia, See also:

• YEOMANRY

yeomanry and reserve forces for the suppression of riot, and to See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close public-houses where a riot is apprehended (Licensing Act 1872) .. It is his duty to keep the peace; if the peace be broken, honesty of intention will not avail him if he has been guilty of neglect of duty . The question is whether he did all that he knew was in his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and which could be expected from a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary prudence, firmness and activity . The law as thus stated is gathered from the opinions of the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges on the trials of the lord mayor of See also:

• LONDON

London and the mayor of See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol on indictments for neglect of duty at the time of the See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon riots of 1 780 and the Bristol riots in '831;1 In addition to his liability to an See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment at common law, a defaulting magistrate is subject under the provisions of acts of 1411 (Henry IV.) and 1414 (Henry V.) to a See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of £See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod for every See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default, the default to be inquired of by See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission under the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal . A See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• INTEREST

interest is the extent of- the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection afforded by the- Riot Act to soldiers acting under the commands of their See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . The question was dealt with by Lord See also:

• BOWEN, CHARLES SYNGE CHRISTOPHER BOWEN, BARON (1835—1894)
• BOWEN, FRANCIS (1811—1890)
• BOWEN, SIR GEORGE FERGUSON (1821—1849)

Bowen and his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-commissioners in the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on the See also:

• FEATHERSTONE

Featherstone riots (Parl . See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

Paper, 1893–18941 c . 7234) . The substance of their views is as follows: By the law of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England every one is bound to aid in the suppression of riotous assemblages . The degree of force, how-ever, which may be lawfully - employed in their suppression depends on the nature of each riot, for the force used must always be moderated and proportioned to the circumstances of the case and to the end to be attained .

The taking of life can only be justified by the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for protecting persons or property against various forms of violent See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, or by the necessity of dispersing a riotous See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd which is dangerous unless dispersed, or in the case of persons whose conduct has become felonious through disobedience to the provisions of the Riot Act, and who resist the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to disperse or apprehend them . The necessary prevention of such See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage on person or property justifies the guardians of the peace in the employment against -a crowd of even deadly weapons . Officers and soldiers are under no See also:

• SPECIAL

special privileges and subject to no special responsibilities as regards the principle of the law . A soldier for the purpose of establishing civil See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order is only a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen armed in a particular manner . He cannot because he is a soldier be exonerated if without necessity he takes human life . The duty of magistrates and peace officers to summon or abstain from summoning the assistance of the military depends in like manner on the necessities of the case . A soldier can act only by using his arms . The weapons he carries are deadly . They cannot be employed at all without danger to life or See also:

• LIMB

limb, and in these days of improved rifles and perfected See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition without some See also:

• RISK

risk of danger to distant and possibly See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent bystanders . To call for assistance against rioters from those who can interfere only under such See also:

• GRAVE

grave conditions ought, of course, to be the last expedient of the civil authorities . But when the call for help is made and a necessity for assistance from the military has arisen, to refuse such assistance is in law a misdemeanour . The whole See also:

• ACTION

action of the military when once called in ought from first to last to be based on the principle of doing, and doing without fear, that which is absolutely necessary to prevent serious crime, and of exercising care and skill with regard to what is done .

No set of rules exists which governs every instance or defines beforehand any contingency that may arise . The presence of a magistrate is not essential, but is usual, and of the highest value to aid the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the troops by See also:

• LOCAL

local knowledge . But his presence or See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence has no legal effect on the duties er responsibilities of the military to use their arms when it becomes necessary to do so, and without recklessness or See also:

• NEGLIGENCE (Lat. negligentia, from negligere, to neglect, literally " not to pick up ")

negligence and with reasonable care and caution; and where they have so acted the killing of a rioter is justifiable See also:

• HOMICIDE (Lat. homicidium)

homicide, and the killing of an innocent bystander is homicide by misadventure . It is not usual to resort to extremities with rioters until after reading the proclamation under the Riot Act (1716), 1 Reports of these trials will be found in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State Trials, New See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series, vol . -iii. pp . 1, 1r . Most of the important cases of riot are collected or referred to in that series . but this preliminary is by no means a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition precedent to the exercise of the common-law powers of suppressing riots . The See also:

• CROWN

crown cannot See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge upon the local rates the expense of maintaining soldiers called into a See also:

• DISTRICT

district by the magistrates to suppress a riot (re Glamorgan See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council, L.R . 1899, 2 Q.B . 536); but the cost of extra See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police drafted in. for the like purpose falls on the rates of the district into which they are drafted (see Police Act 189o, s . 25) .

Until x886 persons whose property was damaged by riot had a civil remedy of an exceptional See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character by action against the See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred in which the riot took place . This remedy was a survival. of the pre-See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest liability of the hundred to See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee the orderly conduct of its inhabitants . The hundred was made liable in case of See also:

• ROBBERY (from O. Fr. rober, to steal)

robbery by the Statute of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester (1285).1 That and subsequent acts were repealed in the reign of George IV., and their provisions were consolidated by an act of 1827 which gave a remedy against the hundred in the case of felonious demolition of churches, chapels, houses, machinery, &c., being feloniously demolished by rioters . The last instance of the use of this exceptional remedy was in the case of a riot at See also:

• WORTHING

Worthing, and the remedy was abolished in 1886 . When the Piccadilly riots occurred in that year no one knew that the inured shops were in the hundred of Ossulston, and difficulties arose in applying the old See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure . Sown ex See also:

• POST

post facto statute was passed (the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan Police See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

Compensation Act 1886) for a special See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the claims, and the old statutes were repealed and replaced by the Riot Damage Act 1886 . Under this act compensation is payable where rioters have injured or destroyed houses, shops, buildings, fixed or movable machinery and appliances prepared or used for or in connexion with manufactures or See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, or for mines or quarries, or vessels stranded or in See also:

• DISTRESS

distress (see See also:

• WRECK

WRECK), or have injured, stolen, or destroyed property in houses, shops or buildings . The compensation is payable out of the police See also:

• RATE

rate for the district in which the damage is done; or if it was done afloat, for the district nearest to the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of action . The claim is made on the police authority for the district . The time and form for making claims and the mode of fixing the amount of compensation is regulated by rules made by the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home Secretary on the 3oth of See also:

• JUNE

June 1894 (Stat . R. and O . 1894, No .

636) . In adjusting the amount regard is had to the conduct of the claimant, viz. as to precautions taken by him, his See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share, if any, in the riot, or provocation offered to the rioters . Failure to carry out a See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme for athletic See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports has been held to debar a claimant from compensation for damage done by a riot among the disappointed spectators who had paid to see the sports . The claimant must give See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for See also:

• INSURANCE

insurance See also:

• MONEY

money, or any other compensation received in respect of the damage; but the insurers or persons who paid such compensation may See also:

• FILE

file a claim against the police rate for the amount paid by them . Persons dissatisfied with the See also:

• AWARD (from O. Fr. ewart, or esguart, cf. " reward ")

award of the police authority may See also:

• SUE, EUGENE [JosEPH MARIE] (1804—1857)

sue for the recovery of their, claim subject to a liability to pay all the See also:

• COSTS

costs if they do not get See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment for more than the amount awarded . The action, if it is not for more than boo, is to be brought in the county See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . The remedy is available in the case of stranded See also:

• SHIPS

ships plundered by rioters (s . 515 of the See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant Shipping Act 1894) . The Riot Act does not extend to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, but similar provisions are contained in an act of the Irish Parliament passed in 1787 as amended by acts of 1831 and 1842 . These acts create a special offence punishable by penal servitude for life, viz. sending notices, letters or messages inciting or tending to riot . Under the Criminal Procedure Ireland Act 1887 (a temporary act) summary proceedings may be taken against rioters . The civil remedy against the county or See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough for malicious injury to property, real or See also:

• PERSONAL

personal, including ships. in distress and their See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo, is wider than in England or See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, but it includes malicious injury by rioters where 1 There is a curious exception still on the Statute-book depriving persons robbed while travelling on the Lord's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day of any right to compensation from the hundred (Lord's Day Act 2677, s .

5).the injury is a crime within the Malicious Damage Act of 1861: Claims are now dealt with in the county court, and not as formerly by the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• JURY

jury and See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge• of See also:

• ASSIZE

assize (Local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government Ireland Act 1898, s . 5) . In Scotland a riot may be either " rioting and mobbing." or " rioting and breach of the peace." The first is much the same as riot in English law . Mobbing consists in the assembling of a number of, people and then combining against order or peace to the alarm: of, the lieges (See also:

• ALISON, ARCHIBALD (1757-1839)

Alison, Cr . Law of Scotland, vol. i. p . 509; See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

Macdonald, Criminal Law, 18o) . The second offence occurs when concourse or a common purpose are wanting . Numerous acts against rioting and unlawful See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation were passed by the Scottish parliament, beginning in 1487 . The Riot Act {1716) applies to Scotland . There is a civil remedy against the county or See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh in which a riot takes place in respect of damage done by the rioters to houses, churches, buildings and ships, and buildings or engines used in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade or manufacture . The remedy is given by a series of statutes of, 1716, 1812, 1816, 1817 and 1894 . The procedure for its enforcement is now regulated by the Riotous Assemblies (Scotland) Act 1822, and amending statutes ..

The county or burgh authorities may adjust claims without litigation, and pay them out of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general assessments . See also:

• BRITISH

British Dominions.—In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India the offence of riot, as defined by s . 146 of the Penal See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code, consists in the use of force or violence by an unlawful assembly (which must consist of at least five persons, s . 141), or by any member thereof in the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of the common See also:

• OBJECT

object of such assembly (see See also:

• MAYNE, JASPER (1604-1672)

Mayne, Ind . Criminal Law, ed . 1896, p . 489) . In See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon and the Straits Settlements provisions based on the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Code are in force . In most of the settled Colonies the English law as to riot applies subject to local legislation . The Criminal Codes of See also:

• CANADA

Canada (1892, ss . 79–86), New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand (1893, ss . 83–89) and See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland (1899, ss .

61–67) adopt the substance of the English law as to riot, in terms borrowed from the English draft Code of 1880 . In those of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies whose common law is based on that of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland or See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, the English law as to riot has been applied by See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance, e.g. in British See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana (Criminal Code 1893, tit. xix), and St See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia (Criminal Code 1888, tit. See also:

• XXV

xxv) . In the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African colonies the English law of riot does not apply, but under the Dutch See also:

• ROMAN

Roman law there exists a similar offence, known as " public violence " (vis publica), i.e. the use of violence and force by which the public See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest and order is endangered and the authority of the lawful authorities and. officials is set at naught . The offence was See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital (see See also:

• VAN

Van Leeuwen, Roman-Dutch Law, tr. by Kotze, 1886, vol. ii. p . 294; Morice, English and Roman-Dutch Law, 1903, p . 334) . Similar provisions based on the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Penal Code are in force in See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius (Penal Code of 1838) . See also:

• UNITED

United States.—In the United States the law is based upon that of England (see See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop, Amer . Cr . L., 8th ed., 1892, vol . 1 . S .

534, vol . H. ss . 1143 et seq.) . In some states there is a statutory proclamation for the See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion of rioters in terms almost identical with those of the British Riot Act . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, See also:

• TOWN

town, or county is by the statutes of many states rendered liable for damage caused by rioters, with or without a remedy over against the persons who did the damage (see revised See also:

• LAWS

Laws of See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, ed . 1902, See also:

• CHAP

chap . 211, sects . 2, 8) .