ALBRECHT See also:

• ALBRECHT RITSCHL (1822-1889)
• RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876)

RITSCHL (1822-1889)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin on the 25th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1822 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Georg Karl See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• RITSCHL, ALBRECHT (1822-1889)
• RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876)

Ritschl (1783-1858), became in 1810 pastor at the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary in Berlin, and from 1827 to 1854 was See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent and evangelical See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania . Albrecht Ritschl studied at See also:

• BONN

Bonn, See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg and See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen . At Halle he came under Hegelian influences through the teaching of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius Schaller (1810-1868) and J . H . See also:

• ERDMANN
• ERDMANN, JOHANN EDUARD (1805-1892)

Erdmann (b . 1805) . In 1845 he was entirely captivated by the Tubingen school, and in his See also:

• WORK

work This Evangelium Marcions and das kanonische Evangelium See also:

• DES

des Lukas, published in 1846, he. appears as a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of F . C . See also:

• BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN (1792-1860)

Baur . This did not last See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long with him, however, for the second edition (1857) of his most important work, on the origin of the old See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church (See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Entstehung der alt-kathol . Kirche), shows considerable divergence from the first edition (185o), and reveals an entire emancipation from F .

C . Baur's method . Ritschl was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology at Bonn (extraordinarius 1852; ordinarius 1859) and See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen (1864; Consistorialrath also in 1874), his addresses on See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion delivered at the latter university showing the impression made upon his mind by his enthusiastic studies of See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant and See also:

• SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768-1834)

Schleiermacher . Finally, in 1864, came the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf See also:

• LOTZE, RUDOLF HERMANN (1817-1881)

Lotze . He wrote a large work on the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification and See also:

• ATONEMENT

atonement, Die Christliche Lehre von der Rechtfertigung and Versohnung, published during the years 187o-74, and in 188o-86 a See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• PIETISM

pietism (Die Geschichte des Pietismus) . His See also:

• SYSTEM

system of theology is contained in the former . He died at Gottingen on the zoth of March 1889 . His son, See also:

• OTTO

OTTO RITSCHL (b . 186o), after studying at Gottingen, Bonn and See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, became professor at See also:

• KIEL

Kiel (extraordinarius) in 1889 and afterwards at Bonn (extraordinarius 1894; ordinarius 1897) . He has published, amongst other See also:

• WORKS

works, Schleiermachers Stellung zum Christentum in semen Reden caber die Religion (1888), and a See also:

• LIFE

Life of his father (2bbols., 1829-96) . Ritschl claims to carry on the work of See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther and Schleiermacher, especially in See also:

• RIDDING, GEORGE (1828-1904)

ridding faith of the tyranny of scholastic See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . His system shows the influence of Kant's destructive See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of the claims of Pure See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

Reason, recognition of the value of morally conditioned knowledge, and doctrine of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of ends; of Schleiermacher's See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical treatment of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, regulative use of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of religious fellowship, emphasis on the importance of religious feeling; and of Lotze's theory of knowledge and treatment of See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality .

Ritschl's work made a profound impression on German thought and gave a new confidence to German theology, while at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it provoked a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of hostile criticism: his school has grown with remarkable rapidity . This is perhaps mainly due to the bold religious See also:

• POSITIVISM (derived from ponere, whence positus, that which is laid down, certain)

positivism with which he assumes that spiritual experience is real and that faith has not only a legitimate but even a See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount claim to provide the highest See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the See also:

• WORLD

world . The life of See also:

• TRUST

trust in See also:

• GOD

God is a fact, not so much to be explained as to explain everything else . Ritschl's standpoint is not that of the individual subject . The See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective ground on which he bases his system is the religious experience of the Christian community . The " immediate See also:

• OBJECT

object of theological knowledge is the faith of the community," and from this See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive religious datum theology constructs a " See also:

• TOTAL

total view of the world and human life." Thus the essence of Ritschl's work is systematic theology . Nor does he painfully work up to his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master-See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category, for it is given in the knowledge mystical See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of religion, See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack's criticism is very different from 1 Ritschl's arbitrary exegesis . They are See also:

• UNITED

united on the value of faith-1 as opposed to " metaphysic." See A . Ritschl; Die Christliche Lehre von der Rechtfertigung and Versohnung (3rd ed., 1889) ; Unterricht in der Christlichen Lehre (very many See also:

• EDITIONS

editions); and Theologie und Metaphysik (2nd ed., 1887), give his See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main position . Many historical and other works besides.—E . See also:

• BERTRAND, HENRI GRATIEN, COMTE (1773-1844)

Bertrand, Une nouvelle conception de la redemption . La Doctrine de la justification et de la reconciliation See also:

• DENS, PETER (1690-1775)

dens le systeme de Ritschl (1891); H .

Schoen, See also:

• LES

Les Origines historiques de la theologie de Ritschl (1893) ; G . Ecke, Die theologische Schiele, A . Ritschl's and die evangelische Kirche, der Gegenwart 11897); See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Orr, The Ritschlian Theology and the Evangelical Faith (See also:

• LONDON

London 1898) ; and A . E . Garvie, The Ritschlian Theology (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh 1899), in both of which the bibliography of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement is given Cf . Otto Pfieiderer, Development of Theology in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany since Kam (189o) . The German literature on the subject is very large; see of Jesus See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ revealed to the comniunity . : That God is love and that the purpose of His love is the moral organization of humanity in the " Kingdom of God "—this idea, with its immense range of application—is applied in Ritschl's initial datum . From this vantage-ground Ritschl criticizes the use of Aristotelianism and speculative philosophy in scholastic and 'See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant theology . He holds that such philosophy is too shallow for theology . Hegelianism attempts to squeeze all life into • the categories of See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic: Aristotelianism deals with " things in general ' and ignores the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical distinction between nature and spirit . Neither Hegelianism nor Aristotelianism is " vital enough to See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound the depths of religious life .

Neither conceives " God " as correlative to human " trust " (cf . Theologie and Metaphysik, esp. p, 8 seq.) . But Ritschl's recoil carries him so far that he is See also:

• LEFT

left alone with merely " See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical " experience . " Faith " knows God in His active relation to the "kingdom," but not at all as " self-existent." His See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of theological knowledge to the See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds of human need might, if logically pressed, run perilously near phenomenalism; and his See also:

• EPISTEMOLOGY

epistemology (" we only know things in their activities ") does not See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover this weakness . In seeking ultimate reality in the circle of " active conscious sensation," he rules out all " See also:

• META

meta-physic." Indeed, much that is See also:

• PART

part of normal Christian faith—e.g. the Eternity of the Son—is passed over as beyond the range of his method . Ritschl's theory of " value-judgments " (Werthurtheile) illustrates this See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• AGNOSTICISM

agnosticism . Religious judgments of value determine See also:

• OBJECTS

objects according to their bearing on our moral and spiritual welfare . They imply a lively sense of radical human need . This sort of knowledge stands quite apart from that produced by theoretic " and " disinterested " judgments . The former moves in a world of " values," and See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges things as they are related to our " fundamental self-feeling . ' The latter moves in a world of cause and effect . (N.B .

Ritschl appears to confine Metaphysic to the category of Causality.) The theory as formulated has such See also:

• GRAVE

grave ambiguities, that his theology, which, as we, have seen, is wholly based on uncompromising religious See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism, has actually been charged with individualistic See also:

• SUBJECTIVISM

subjectivism . If Ritschl had clearly shown that judgments of value enfold and transform other types of knowledge, just as the " spiritual See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man " includes and trans-figures but does not annihilate the " natural man," then within the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass of this spiritually conditioned knowledge all other know-ledge would be seen to have a See also:

• FUNCTION

function and a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . The theory of value-judgments is part too of his ultra-practical tendency: both " metaphysic " and " See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism " are ruthlessly condemned . Faith-knowledge appears to be wrenched from its See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings and suspended in See also:

• MID

mid-ocean . Perhaps if he had lived to see the progress of will-See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology he might have welcomed the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of a more spiritual philosophy . A few instances will illustrate Ritschl's positive systematic theology . The conception of God as Father is given to the community in See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

Revelation .. He must be regarded in His active relationship to the " kingdom," as spiritual personality revealed in spiritual purposiveness . His " Love " is His will as directed towards the realization of His purpose in the kingdom . His "Righteousness " is His fidelity to this purpose . With God as " First Cause " or Moral Legislator" theology has no concern; nor is it interested in the " speculative " problems indicated by the traditional doctrine of the Trinity . Natural theology " has no value See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save where it leans on faith .

Again, Christ has for the religious life of the community the unique value of Founder and Redeemer . He is the perfect Revelation of God and the Exemplar of true religion . His work in See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the kingdom was a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal vocation, the spirit of which He communicates to believers, " thus, as exalted See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king," sustaining the life of His Kingdom . His Resurrection is a necessary part of Christian belief (G . Ecke, pp . 198-99) . " Divinity " is a predicate applied by faith to Jesus in His founding and redeeming activity . We See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note here that though Ritschl gives Jesus a unique and unapproachable position in His active relation to the kingdom, he declines to rise above this relative teaching . The " Two Nature " problem and the eternal relation of the Son to the Father have no bearing on experience, and therefore stand outside the range of theology . once more, in the doctrine of See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin and redemption, the governing idea is God's fatherly purpose for His See also:

• FAMILY

family . Sin is the contra-diction of that purpose, and See also:

• GUILT

guilt is See also:

• ALIENATION (from Lat. alienus, belonging to another)

alienation from the family . Redemption, justification, regeneration, See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption, forgiveness, reconciliation all mean the same thing—the restoration of the broken family relationship .

All depends on the See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

Mediation of Christ, who maintained the filial relationship even to His See also:

• DEATH

death, and communicates it to the brotherhood of believers . Everything is defined by the idea of the family . The whole apparatus of " forensic ideas (See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment, See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction, &c.) is summarily rejected as See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign to God's purpose of love..' Ritschl is so faithful to the standpoint of the religious community, that he has nothing definite to say on many inevitable. questions, such as the relation of God to See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan races . His school, in which J . G . W . Herrmann, Julius Kaftan and Adolf Harnack are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief names, diverges from his teaching in many directions; e.g . Kaftan appreciates thearticle in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, vol. xvii .