See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH WILHELM See also:

• RITSCHL, ALBRECHT (1822-1889)
• FRIEDRICH WILHELM RITSCHL (1806-1876)

RITSCHL (1806-1876)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 18o6 in Thuringia . His See also:

• FAMILY

family, in which culture and poverty were hereditary, were Protestants who had migrated several generations earlier from Bohemia . See also:

• RITSCHL, ALBRECHT (1822-1889)
• RITSCHL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1806-1876)

Ritschl was fortunate in his school training, at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the See also:

• GREAT

great reform in the higher See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia had not yet been thoroughly carried out . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief teacher, Spitzner, a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Gottfried See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann, divined the boy's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius and allowed it See also:

• FREE

free growth, applying only so much either of stimulus or of See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint as was absolutely needful . After a wasted See also:

• YEAR

year at the university of See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, where Hermann stood at the See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of his fame, Ritschl passed in 1826 to See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle . Here he came under the powerful See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Reisig, a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young " Hermannianer " with exceptional See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent, a fascinating See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality and a rare See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift for instilling into his pupils his own ardour for classical study . The great controversy between the " Realists " and the " Verbalists " was then at its height, and Ritschl naturally sided with Hermann against Boeckh . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• DEATH

death of Reisig in 1828 did not sever Ritschl from Halle, where he began his professorial career with a great reputation and brilliant success, but soon hearers See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell away, and the pinch of poverty compelled his removal to See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, where he reached the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of " See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary " See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor in 1834, and held other offices . The great event of Ritschl's See also:

• LIFE

life was a sojourn of nearly a year in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy (1836-37), spent in See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries and museums, and more particularly in the laborious examination of the Ambrosian See also:

• PALIMPSEST

palimpsest of See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life was largely occupied in working out the material then gathered and the ideas then conceived . See also:

• BONN

Bonn, whither he removed on his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in 1839, and where he remained for twenty-six years, was the great See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of his activity both as scholar and as teacher . The philological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary which he controlled, although nominally only See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-director with See also:

• WELCKER, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1784-1868)

Welcker, became a veritable officina litterarum, a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of Isocratean school of classical study; in it were trained many of the fore-most scholars of the last See also:

• FORTY

forty years .

The names of Georg See also:

• CURTIUS, ERNST (1814-1896)
• CURTIUS, MARCUS

Curtius, Ihne, See also:

• SCHLEICHER, AUGUST (1821-1868)

Schleicher, See also:

• BERNAYS, JAKOB (1824-1881)

Bernays, See also:

• RIBBECK, JOHANN CARL OTTO (1827-1898)

Ribbeck, Lorenz, Vahlen, See also:

• HUBNER, EMIL (1834-1901)
• HUBNER, JOSEPH ALEXANDER, COUNT (1811-1892)

Hubner, Biicheler, Helbig, Benndorf, Riese, Windisch, who were his pupils either at Bonn or at Leipzig, attest his fame and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power as a teacher . In 1854 See also:

• OTTO

Otto See also:

• JAHN, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1778-1852)
• JAHN, JOHANN (1750—1816)
• JAHN, OTTO (1813—1869)

Jahn took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable Welcker at Bonn, and after a time succeeded in dividing with Ritschl the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire over the philological school there . The two had been See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, but after See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual estrangement a violent dispute arose between them in 1865, which for many months divided into two hostile forces the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities and the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Both sides were steeped in See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, but Ritschl undoubtedly received harsh treatment from the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and pressed his resignation . He accepted a See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call to Leipzig, where he died in See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness in 1876 . Ritschl's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character was strongly marked . The spirited See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in him was powerful, and to some at times he seemed overbearing, but his nature was See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble at the core; and, though intolerant of inefficiency and stupidity, he never asserted his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal claims in any mean or See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty way . He was warmly attached to family and friends, and yearned continually after sympathy, yet he established real intimacy with only a few . He had a great See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty for organization, as is shown by his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the university library at Bonn, and by the sight years of labour which carried to success a See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite complexity, the famous Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica (Bonn, 186z) . This See also:

• VOLUME

volume presents in admirable acsimile, with prefatory notices and indexes, the Latin See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions from the earliest times to the end of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . It forms an See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory volume to the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, the excellence of which is largely due to the See also:

• PRECEPT (Lat. praeceptum, a rule, from praecipere, literally to take beforehand, to give rules, instructions or orders)

precept and example of Ritschl, though he had no See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in the later volumes . The results of Ritschl's life are mainly gathered up in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of monographs, for the most See also:

• PART

part of the highest finish, and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in ideas which have leavened the scholarship of the time .

As a scholar, Ritschl was of the lineage of See also:

• BENTLEY, RICHARD (1662-1742)
• BENTLEY, RICHARD (1794-1871)

Bentley, to whom he looked up, Iike Hermann, with fervent admiration . His best efforts were spent in studying the See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and literatures of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, rather than the life of the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . He was sometimes, but most unjustly, charged with taking a narrow view of " Philologie." That he keenly appreciated the importance of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient institutions and ancient See also:

• ART

art both his published papers and the records of his lectures amply testify . He devoted himself for the most part to the study of ancient See also:

• POETRY

poetry, and in particular of the early Latin See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama . This formed the centre from which his investigations radiated . Starting from this he ranged over the whole remains of pre-Ciceronian Latin, and not only analysed but augmented the See also:

• SOURCES

sources from which our knowledge of it must come . Before Ritschl the acquaintance of scholars with early Latin was so dim and restricted that it would perhaps be hardly an exaggeration to call him its real discoverer . To the See also:

• WORLD

world in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general Ritschl was best known as a student of Plautus . He cleared away the accretions of ages, and by efforts of that real genius which goes hand in hand with labour, brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light many of the true features of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . It is infinitely to be regretted that Ritschl's results were never combined to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form that monumental edition of Plautus of which he dreamed in his earlier life . Ritschl's examination of the Plautine See also:

• MSS

MSS. was both laborious and brilliant, and greatly extended the knowledge of Plautus and of the ancient Latin drama . Of this, two striking examples may be cited .

By the aid of the Ambrosian palimpsest he recovered the name T . Maccius Plautus, for the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

vulgate M . See also:

• ACCIUS
• ACCIUS, LUCIUS

Accius, and proved it correct by strong extraneous arguments . On the margin of the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine MSS. the marks C and DV continually recur, and had been variously explained . Ritschl proved that they meant " Canticum " and " Diverbium," and hence showed that in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• COMEDY

comedy only the conversations in See also:

• IAMBIC

iambic senarii were not intended for the singing See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice . Thus was brought into strong See also:

• RELIEF

relief a fact without which there can be no true appreciation of Plautus, viz. that his plays were comic operas rather than comic dramas . In conjectural See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism Ritschl was inferior not only to his great predecessors but to some of his contemporaries . His See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination was in this See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field (but in this field only) hampered by erudition, and his See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment was unconsciously warped by the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to find in his See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text illustrations of his discoveries . But still a See also:

• FAIR

fair proportion of his textual labours: has stood the test of time, and he rendered immense service by his study of Plautine metres, a field in which little advance had been made since the time of Bentley . In this See also:

• MATTER

matter Ritschl was aided by an accomplishment rare (as he himself lamented) in Germany the art of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing Latin See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . In spite of the incompleteness, on many sides, of his work Ritschl must be assigned a place in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of learning among a very select few . His studies are presented principally in his Opuscula collected partly before and partly since his death .

The Trinummus (twice edited) was the only specimen of his contemplated edition of Plautus which he completed . The edition has been continued by some of his pupils—See also:

• GOETZ, HERMANN (184o-1876)

Goetz, Loewe and others . - The facts of Ritschl's life may be best Iearned from the elaborate See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography by Otto Ribbeck (Leipzig, 1879) . An interesting anddiscriminating estimate of Ritschl's work is that by See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian Mueller (Berlin, 1877) . (J . S .