See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

ROBES (Fr. robe, See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)  spoils, (2) robe, stuff, cf . Mod . Ital. roba, connected with a See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root raup, raub, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German rauben and See also:

• ENGLISH

English rob), the name generally given to a class of See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume, especially as worn by certain persons or classes on occasions of particular solemnity . According to Du Cange, the word robe was earliest used, in the sense of a garment, of those given by popes and princes to the members of their See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household or their See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . Thus See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (Chron . Majora, Rolls See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series, V . 38) tells how, in 1248, the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope gave to some Tatar envoys " vestes pretiosissimas quas Robas -vulgariter' appellamus,de escarleto praeelecto, cum pellibus et furruris," with which Du Cange compares the " festiva indumenta " given, e.g., by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John magnalum suorum multitudini at See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time (1214, Matt . Paris, Rolls Series, II . 520) and the raubae papales scutiferorum, and the like, given by the popes to members of their households, after the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of a See also:

• LIVERY

livery . It would, however, be perhaps going too far to assume that, e.g., peers' See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes were originally the king's livery, for there seems to be no See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that this was the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case; but it is curious that in most See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early cases where robes are mentioned, if not of See also:

• CLOTH

cloth of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, &c., they are of See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet, furred . A robe is properly a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long garment, and the See also:

• TERM

term " robes " is now applied only in those cases where a long garment forms See also:

• PART

part of the official costume, though in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary usage it is taken to include all the other articles of See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress proper to the costume in question . The term robes," moreover, See also:

• CON

con-notes a certain degree of dignity or See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in the wearer .

We speak of the king's robes of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, of peers' robes, of the robes of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, of See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic robes, judicial robes, municipal or civic robes; we should not speak of the robes of a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral See also:

• VERGER (ALE. vergere; O. Fr. vergier; Med. Lat. virgarius, one who bears a rod or staff, an apparitor; Lat. virga, rod)

verger, though he too wears a long See also:

• GOWN

gown of ceremony, and it is even only by somewhat stretching the term " robes' that we can include under it the ordinary academical dress of the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities . In the case of the official costume of the clergy, too, a distinction must be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn . The vestimenla sacra are not spoken of as " robes "; a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest is not " robed " but " vested " for See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass; yet the See also:

• ROCHET (Lat. rochettum, from the late Lat. roccus, connected with the O.H.Ger. rock, roc and the A.S. rocc; Fr. rocket, Ital. rocchetto, Sp. roquete, Ger. Rochett, Chorkleid)

rochet and See also:

• CHIMERE (Lat. chimera, chimaera; O. Fr. chamarre, Mod. Fr. simarre; Ital. zimarra; cf. Span. zimarra, a sheepskin coat; possibly derived ultimately from Gr. xei,u pros, " wintry," i.e. a winter overcoat)

chimere of an English See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, even in See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, are more properly referred to as robes than as See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments, and while the See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope he wears in church is a vestment rather than a robe, the scarlet cope which is part of his See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary full dress is a robe, not a vestment . For the See also:

• SAKE

sake of convenience the official, non-liturgical costume of the clergy is dealt with under the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general heading VESTMENTS and the subsidiary articles (e.g . COPE) . The See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation robes of emperors and See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, representing as they do the sacerdotal significance of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian kingship, are essentially vestments rather than robes (see CORONATION), Apart from these, however, are the royal robes of state; in the case of the- king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England a See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson See also:

• VELVET

velvet surcoat and long See also:

• MANTLE

mantle, fastened in front of the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, See also:

• ERMINE

ermine lined, with a deep cape or tippet of ermine.' .- The subject of official robes is too vast for any See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to be made to See also:

• DEAL

deal with it comprehensively here . All countries; See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and ti`est, which boast an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization have retained them in greater or less degree, and the tendency in See also:

• MODERN

modern times has been to multiply rather than to diminish their number . Even in republican See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France they survived the Revolution, at least in the universities and the 'See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts . But nowhere has See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom been so conservative in this See also:

• MATTER

matter as in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, where in this as in other matters the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise Machiavellian principle has been followed of changing 1 For the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign's coronation robes, see " The King's Coronation Ornaments," by W . St John See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, in The Ancestor, vols. i. and ii., also L . Wickham Legg, English Coronation Records, 1901 . The " parliamentary robes " used to be of crimson or See also:

• PURPLE

purple velvet, furred with ermine .

See the above, also the inventories of the wardrobes of sovereigns, &.g_the substance of institutions without altering their outward semblance . The See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, then, does not attempt to deal with any but See also:

• BRITISH

British robes,2 under the headings of (1) peers' robes, (2) robes in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons, (3) robes of the Orders of See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

Knighthood, (4) judicial and forensic robes, (s) municipal and civic robes, (6) academic costume . Peers' Robes.—As early as the end of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century peers seem to have worn at their creation some See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of robe of honour; this we may conclude from the description of the See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture of the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset in 1397 (Rot . Parl . 343), which says: le dit See also:

• MONSIEUR (Fr., formed from men, my, and sieur, lord)

Monsieur John fut amesnee devant le See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy en Parleenent entre deux Contes, c'est assavoir Huntyngdon et Mareschall, vestuz en-un See also:

• PANE (Fr. pan, Lat. pannus, a cloth, garment)

pane (Du Cange; pannus =3. habitus vestimenlum) come vesture de honor "; while in accounts of various creations of about the same time (Rot . Parl . 205, ao6) are used the words " advenienteque . prefato Duce honorifice togato et ornato." An early See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of their use is to be found in an See also:

• ILLUMINATION

illumination on the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of King's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge (see fig . 1), which represents the peers as early as 1446 wearing gowns, mantles" and hoods of scarlet, furred with miniver, the mantle opening on the right See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder and guarded with two, three or four bars of miniver, in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stripes high up on the shoulder . The origin of these is as yet unknown, and it is not certain precisely when the peers' velvet robe of See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate was first used . At the coronation of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI. the king's own See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament robe was of scarlet and miniver (See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory's See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle, ed . See also:

• GAIRDNER, JAMES (1828– )

Gairdner; See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden See also:

• SOC

Soc. pp . 165-70), SO the peers' robes were certainly not yet of velvet; at that of Henry VII .

(see See also:

• RUTLAND
• RUTLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RUTLAND, JOHN JAMES ROBERT MANNERS, 7TH DUKE OF (1818-1906)

Rutland: Papers, 1842; " See also:

• DEVICE

Device for the Coronation of Henry VII.") the king had a robe of crimson velvet and ermine, but the "lords temporall" are only said to have been " in their robes "; at that of Henry VIII . (see See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall's Chronicle) the king in his progress through the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city wore a crimson velvet robe furred with ermine, his knights and esquires for his See also:

• BODY

body " wore crimson velvet, and " all the gentlemen," &c., scarlet, while we hear of the " lords spiritual and temporal, and of their costly and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• APPAREL (from O. Fr. aparail, aparailler, mod. appareil, from Low Lat. adpariculare, to make fit. or equal)

apparel; of several devises and fashions," and notably of the -See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bucking-See also:

• HAM

ham's robe of gold and See also:

• NEEDLEWORK

needlework (See also:

• STOW, JOHN (c. 1525-1605)

Stow's See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals, p . 813), which would show that the velvet robe of estate was not yet worn at the king's coronation . The duke of See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond at his creation in 1525 (17 Henry VIII.; see See also:

• BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810-1879)

Brewer, State Papers, iv . 639) is described as clad in robes of estate, and the description of the investiture says that " the patent was read, the robe, See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, cap and circlet put on," and about this time references are found to the " parliament robes " of peers, implying that there were others . An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the coronation of See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne See also:

• BOLEYN (or BULLEN), ANNE (c. 1507–1536)

Boleyn in 1533, in J . See also:

• NICHOLS, JOHN (1745–1826)

Nichols, Progresses of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, vol. i. p . 1, says that in her progress through the city " all the lordes for the most part were clothed in crimson velvet," while - at z In the United States few See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save Federal See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges See also:

• WEAR

wear robes . The scarlet judicial robes were discarded at the Revolution . Those of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• SILK

silk now worn are slightly modified academic gowns . John See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

Jay, first See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice of the Supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court (1787), set the fashion by sitting in the LL.D. gown granted him by See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia University . From the foundation charter of King's College, Cambridge, x446 .

See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster the barons and viscounts wore their parliament robes,' the earls, marquesses and See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes wearing their robes of estate of crimson velvet " furred with ermins, poudred according to their degrees." This was also the case At the coronation of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I., and in See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden's Titles of Honour rd ed., 1672) the illustrations show the See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron and See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

viscount in parliamentary robes, the higher ranks in robes of estate . By the time of James II.'s coronation, however, the baron and viscount had the velvet robes of estate (see illustration on p. r88 of See also:

• PERKINS, CHARLES CALLAHAN (1823-1886)
• PERKINS, JACOB (1766-1849)

Perkins's The Coronation See also:

• BOOK

Book, 1902, where the surcoat also appears to have a pointed See also:

• COLLAR

collar edged with See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and to be sleeveless) . The See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of these seems to have been crimson at first, some-times varying to purple . They' consisted of a long gown or surcoat with See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle, a mantle lined with etmine, a See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood and a tippet of ermine, the rows being as follows: for a duke 4, a See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess 327 an earl 3, a viscount 21, and a baron 2 . Till See also:

• LATE

late in the 18th century peers continued to attend the House of Lords in parliamentary robes, with the stars and See also:

• RIBBONS

ribbons of • their orders, but robes are now only worn in the Hourse of Lords, e.g. at the opening of parliament, on occasions when the sovereign gives his assent to bills by " royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission " (when five or six peers on the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government 'See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side appear in robes, and the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor also wears his peer's robe of scarlet ermine), and at the introduction of a newly created peer, when the new peer and his two introducers wear their parliamentary robes (over See also:

• MORNING

morning dress) during the ceremony of introduction only . The mover and seconder of the Address no longer wear robes, but See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform . On all the above occasions, and when the peers as a body attend church or some other ceremony, the parliamentary robe of scarlet cloth is worn; in the present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day it takes the form of a mantle opening on the right shoulder, with a collar of ermine," and guarded with rows of ermine and gold See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the right shoulder, varying in number according to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the wearer . The modern coronation robes consist of a crimson velvet surcoat and a mantle with a tippet of ermine and with rows of ermine as in, the parliamentary robes . The surcoat is no longer a gown, but a short409 consisted of a mantle, surcoat and hood . The robes of the Garter were originally of See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue woollen stuff, the surcoat and hoot' being, powdered with garters embroidered in silk and' gold . In the time of Henry VI. the mantle was first made of velvet, and between the time of Elizabeth and of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I. it seems to have been sometimes purple in colour . The surcoat varied in colour from See also:

• YEAR

year to year; in the reign of the founder alone, e.g., it was first blue, then black (possibly as a sign of See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning for the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague), then " sanguine in See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain." The hood was made of the same material as the surcoat, and when hats began to be worn, was carried See also:

• HANGING

hanging over the shoulder .

The number of garters embroidered on the surcoat and hood came to be fixed by rank, but after Henry VI. the surcoat seems to have been made of See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain velvet . Robes were sometimes granted to ladies in the early days (see Beltz, p. ccxxi., for a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of those ladies), in. which case the robe and hood were of the colour of the surcoat worn by the knights that year, and powdered with garters . The last See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady to receive the robes was See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, countess of Richmond, in 1488 . At the present day the mantle is of dark blue velvet, of the same colour as the ribbon, lined with this taffeta, and with the See also:

• STAR

star embroidered on the See also:

• LEFT

left shoulder, the hood and surcoat of crimson velvet lined with white taffeta, and with these are worn a doublet and See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk-See also:

• HOSE (a word common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch, hoes, stocking, Ger. Hose, breeches, tights; the ultimate origin is unknown)

hose of white satin and a plumed See also:

• HAT

hat (see See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence-See also:

• ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

Archer, The Orders of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

Chivalry, p . 106) . The robes worn by the knights of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath created at the coronation of Henry IV. were See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green with furred hoods, and a white silk See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord hanging from the left shoulder .3 In the various accounts of later creations of knights of the Bath quoted by Aristis, the costume worn before the ceremonial bath seems to have been a priest-like garment of russet or See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, with a girdle and hood; after the bath, was put on a red surcoat and mantle, the latter with a lace of white silk, from which hung a pair of white gloves; and the final costume was a blue (later a purple) velvet or satin gown, with hood furred with miniver (later lined with sarcenet), and the white cord hanging from the shoulder, until it should be removed by the sovereign or a lady for some See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed of valour . The mantle in the present day is of crimson velvet lined with white over a white satin under-coat and trunk-hose, and a plumed hat and white boots with red tops are worn . The mantle of the See also:

• THISTLE

Thistle is of dark green velvet over surcoat, &c., of cloth of See also:

• SILVER

silver; that of St See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick See also:

• AZURE (derived, through the Romance languages, from the Arabic al-lazward, for the precious stone lapis lazuli, the initial 1 having dropped)

azure, with doublet and trunk-hose of white satin; that of St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael and St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George of Saxon blue satin lined with scarlet; and that of the Star of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India of See also:

• LIGHT

light blue satin lined with white . House of Commons.—The See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the House of Commons wears on state occasions a black See also:

• DAMASK

damask robe with gold lace and a full-bottomed See also:

• WIG (short for " periwig," an alternative form of " peruke," Fr. perruque; cf. Span. peluca; conjecturally derived from Lat. pilus)

wig; in the House itself he wears a black silk robe with See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train and a full-bottomed wig . The clerks at the table wear barristers' gowns and wigs . Judicial and Forensic Robes.—It is frequently stated that judicial robes had their origin in the dress of ecclesiastics . But though ecclesiastics in early days frequently acted as judges, and though, as See also:

• FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (c. 1394-c. 1476)
• FORTESCUE, SIR JOHN (c. 1531-1607)

Fortescue says, the See also:

• SERJEANT

serjeant's long robe was " ad instar sacerdotis," judicial robes more probably arose from the ordinary civilian dress of the early 14th century .

The chief See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument for the ecclesiastical origin has been found in the See also:

• COIF (from Fr. coiffe, Ital. cuffia, a cap)

coif (tend, birretum See also:

• ALBUM (Lat. albus, white)

album), a cap of white See also:

• LINEN

linen or silk, tied under the See also:

• CHIN

chin, and described by Fortescue as " the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal or chief insignment and See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit wherewith serjeants-at-law at their creation are decked," which is said to have been used by ecclesiastics to hide the See also:

• TONSURE (Lat. tonsura, from tondere, to shave)

tonsure when in court . This view is disposed of by Pulling (The See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order of the Coif, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1884) . More probably the coif was a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-dress in See also:

• COMMON

common use in the 13th century, which survived as the distinguishing See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of men of law.' As such it is found in a See also:

• WARDROBE

wardrobe-See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll of 8 " Longues cottes vertes a estroictes manches fourres de menever, et chapperons pareil fourres de menever, en See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise de prelats; et avoient See also:

• LES

les dits chevaliers sur la senestre espaule ung See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double cordeau de soye See also:

• BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

blanche a blanche houppettes pendans " (See also:

• FROISSART, JEAN (1338-1410?)

Froissart) . ' Mr See also:

• OSWALD (c. 605—642)
• OSWALD (d. 992)

Oswald Barron, in The Ancestor, vols. v . (p . 1(35) and vii . (p: 108 seq., See also:

• PLATE

plate xii.), has given reproductions of figures from See also:

• MSS

MSS . sleeveless garment . For See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, an order of James II . (1455) prescribed for earls " mantles of See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown granick colour " open before, lined and faced in front, as far as the girdle, with white See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur, and with hoods to match; for the other lords of parliament a red mantle lined with silk or fur, with a furred hood, while James I . (and VI.) in 16o6 had to issue an order restraining the Scotch peers from wearing velvet robes in parliament, and confining them to those of scarlet cloth (See also:

• MISCELLANY

Miscellany of the See also:

• MAITLAND (MAITLAND OF LETHINGTON), WILLIAM
• MAITLAND, EAST
• MAITLAND, EDWARD (1824-1897)
• MAITLAND, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1850-1906)
• MAITLAND, SIR RICHARD (LORD LETHINGTON) (1496-r586)

Maitland See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, vol. i. p . 147) .

The robes of the Scottish peers are now, of course, similar to those of the others . The peeresses' robes at the coronation of Anne Boleyn are also described in the account mentioned above . The duchess of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, the ,train-See also:

• BEARER

bearer, was followed by " ladies being lords' wives " in scarlet robes furred with " lettice," while Wrlothesley (loc. cit.) adds that the duchess was also in scarlet ? The. order of the earl-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal for the regulation of the peeresses' robes at the coronation of James II . (given in J . H . T . Perkins's The Coronation Book, 1902, pp . 202-5) shows that by then all peeresses wore the robes of state of crimson velvet, and minutely regulates all details, such as shape, powderings, length of train and width of the fur edging of the mantle . They have changed very little up to the present day . Robes of the Orders of Knighthood.—The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the robes of the two See also:

• OLDEST

oldest orders is given in great detail in Ashmole's Order of the Garter (London, 1672) and Anstis's Order of the Bath (London, 1725); see also G . F .

Beltz, Memorials of the Order of the Garter (London, 1841), p. l-lii . In each case the robes ' These are well described in the account of the opening of parliament by Henry VIII. in 1537 given in Wriothesley's Chronicle of England (Camden Soc., 1875, ed . W . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton) : " all erles marques and lordes, all in their Perliament robes of See also:

• SCARLETT, SIR JAMES YORKE (1799-1871)

scarlett furred with white, and their hoodes about their neckes, which were See also:

• FORTY

forty in number; everie duke having fower barres of white fur alongest the right side of their robes, and everie See also:

• EARLE, JOHN (c. 16o1-1665)
• EARLE, RALPH (1751-1801)

earle having three bars, . . and everie lord two barres in likewise." 2 " After her followed ladies being lordes' wives, which had circotes of scarlet, with narrow sleeves, the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast all lettice, with barres ofpouders according to their degrees, and over that they had mantles of scarlet furred, and every mantle had lettice about the necke like a neckerchief, likewise poudered, so that by the pouderings their degrees might be known . Then followed ladies being knights' wives in gowns of scarlet." 410 See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard H . (1391, see See also:

• FAIRHOLT, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1814-1866)

Fairholt, ii . 341) in an entry for " twenty-one linen coifs for See also:

• COUNTERFEITING (from Lat. contra-facere, to make in opposition or contrast)

counterfeiting men of the law in the king's See also:

• PLAY

play at Christmas." The serjeant-at-law's " houve of silk " is also mentioned in Piers the Plowman (latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 14th century)' together with his furred cloak . See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer, at the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, describes his serjeant-at-law as wearing a party-coloured gown and girdle with bars .2 The earliest document quoted by Planch6 and others with reference to judges' costume is a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close-roll of 20 Edw . III . (1347) . See also a wardrobe-roll of 21 Edw .

III., and wardrobe accounts of II Richard II. and 22 Henry VI., all quoted in See also:

• DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM (16o5-1686)

Dugdale's Origines Juridiciales, from which we gather that the robes of the judges varied in colour, in the 14th and 15th centuries, from scarlet to green or " See also:

• VIOLET

violet in grain," and that their See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter gowns were furred with budge or miniver . For the early 15th century there are more data . Firstly, there is the illumination of the serjeant-at-law in the See also:

• ELLESMERE

Ellesmere MS. of The See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury Tales (reproduced in See also:

• FURNIVALL, FREDERICK JAMES (1825-1910)

Furnivall's 6-See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text edition for the Chaucer Society), in which he is shown wearing a short, party-coloured rayed gown of red and blue, lined with white fur, a hood and tippet edged with white fur, and a white coif with two little bands showing below the hood . Secondly, there are a certain number of See also:

• EFFIGIES, MONUMENTAL

effigies or See also:

• BRASSES, MONUMENTAL

brasses of judges and serjeants belonging to the first half of the 15th century.' Of judges, an early See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass is that of See also:

• SIR

Sir John Cassy (c . 1400) (see fig . 2).4 For the second half of the 15th century the authority is Chief-Justice Fortescue, who, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in the reign of Henry VI., describes the dress of the serjeant-at-law as follows:—" Roba longa ad instar sacerdotis cum capicio penulato circa humeros ejus, et desuper collobium, cum duobus labellulis, qualiter uti See also:

• SOLENT, THE

Solent doctores legum in universitatibus quibusdam, cum supra descripto birreto vestiebatur." " He was clothed in a long robe, after the fashion of a priest, with a furred cape about his shoulders, and above it a hood, with two bands, such as are used by doctors of See also:

• LAWS

laws in some universities, with the coif as de-scribed above " (De Laudibus Legum Angliae, From a brass in Deerhurst cap. li.) . Fortescue continues: " But being once church, See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire. made a justice, instead of his hood, he shall FIG . 2.-Sir John wear a cloak closed upon his right shoulder, Cassy, chief baron all the other ornaments of a serjeant still re-of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

Exchequer maining; saving that a justice shall wear no (c . 1400). party-coloured vesture, as a serjeant may, and his cape is furred with miniver, whereas the serjeant's cape is furred with white See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

lamb (budge)." This description of Fortescue's is See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne out by some illuminations from a 15th-century MS. representing sittings of the four See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior of the 13th and 14th century, showing the coif worn by both clerks and laymen . i Prol. See also:

• LINE

line 210 (ed . See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat, See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press) : " Jit houed there an hondreth in houues of silke, seriauntz it seemed that serveden atte See also:

• BARRE
• BARRE, ISAAC (1726-1802)

barre "; and iii . 293: " Shal no seriaunt for here seruyse were a silk howue, Ne no pelure in his cloke, for pleding atte barre." ' Prot. line 382 (ed .

See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris, Clarendon Press) : " He See also:

• ROOD (O.E. rod, a stick, another form of " rod, O.E. rodd, possibly cognate with Lat. rudis, a staff)

rood but homely in a medlee cote Girt with a ceint of silk, with barres smale; of his See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

array telle I no longer See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale." The effigy " supposed to represent Sir Richard de See also:

• WILLOUGHBY

Willoughby, chief justice of the king's See also: