See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

ROCK (O.Fr. See also:

• RAKE (O.E. rata, cognate with Du. raak, Ger. Rechen, from a root meaning to scrape together, heap up)

rake, Sp. See also:

• ROTA, COURT OF

rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form rupica, from rupes, rock)  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• MATTER

matter of which the crust of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth is composed (see See also:

• PETROLOGY

PETROLOGY and GEOLOGY) . In more See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general usage a " See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock " is a large mass of this mineral matter, as distinguished from smaller pieces which are termed " stones." From this word must be distinguished the verb " to rock," to See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing an See also:

• OBJECT

object to and fro, particularly of a See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle in which a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child is rocked to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original meaning . The O.Eng. word is roccian, and is cognate with many worts in See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, e.g . Du. rukkea, See also:

• DAN

Dan. rykke, Ger. riicken, to pull, tug, push . ROCK-CRYSTAL, a colourless and transparent variety of See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz (q.v.), used as an ornamental See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . It usually occurs as crystals lining cavities in quartz-See also:

• VEINS

veins, which often run through See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss and crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists . The limpidity of the crystal, its coldness to the See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch and its See also:

• COMMON

common occurrence in rocks among Alpine glaciers, led to the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient belief that it was a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of congealed See also:

• WATER

water, whence the name crystal, from Gr . KpboraXXos (See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice) . In the Swiss See also:

• ALPS

Alps the " Strahler," or crystal-gatherer, searches the rocks at much See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• RISK

risk, and is often led to a drusy cavity by tracing narrow veins, or strings, of quartz on the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain-See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . A remarkable druse, or Krystalkeller, discovered at Zinkenstock in the Bernese Oberland, in 1719, yielded about 20 tons of crystal, a single specimen weighing 8 cwt . The famous See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the Galenstock, in 1867, furnished magnificent crystals, but they were dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or smoky quartz . La Gardette, near Le Bourg d'Oisans, in the Alps of See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine, is a notable locality for See also:

• FINE

fine specimens of rock-crystal .

The Alps and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India probably furnished the ancients with their supplies . Rock-crystal has been used for ornamental purposes since the Mycenean See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . By the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans under the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire it was highly valued, and carved into vases and goblets, in some cases elaborately engraved . Lenses or globes were used for kindling the sacred vestal See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and for cauterizing the flesh, whilst ladies carried balls of crystal in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to cool their hands during the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of summer . The artists of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance greatly favoured the use of rock-crystal, and executed beautiful carvings in this material . In See also:

• MODERN

modern times the use of rock-crystal has been largely superseded by that of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, and it is notable that See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint-glass is known in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France as " cristal," probably from its resemblance to limpid quartz, or perhaps from the fact that powdered rock-crystal has been used as a source of See also:

• SILICA

silica in the manufacture of the finest glass . Rock-crystal is still cut as a faceted stone for personal decoration, but though not without brilliancy it lacks the " fire " of many See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem-stones . It is often known locally by such names as See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond, Cornish diamond, Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight diamond, See also:

• BRIANCON

Briancon diamond, Marmaros diamond, See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George diamond, &c . Rock-crystal is also carved into See also:

• SEALS

seals, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-weights and other trivial See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, and into See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres for See also:

• DIVINATION
• DIVINATION, OMEN, ASTROLOGY

divination by crystal-gazing, See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese balls being specially noteworthy . In See also:

• JAPAN

Japan the crystal has been obtained for centuries from the granitic districts around Kimpu-See also:

• SAN

san, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Kai . Probably the most valuable application of rock-crystal is for spectacle lenses, which in consequence of their hardness are not readily abraded by use . They should be cut at right angles to the optic See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis, or axis of the See also:

• PRISM (Gr. rrpivµa, properly a thing sawn, Irpii"ety, to saw)

prism .

The " pebble " for lenses is found loose in the See also:

• SOIL

soil in many parts of the provinces of See also:

• GOYAZ

Goyaz, Sao Paulo and See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

Minas Gerdes in See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil . Much of the material for See also:

• SPECTACLES

spectacles comes also from See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar, where large crystals of clear quartz are found in the beds of certain streams, especially in the N.E. See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, having probablybeen derived from quartz-veins in the gneiss and See also:

• PEGMATITE (from Gr. 1r3 y ea, a bond)

pegmatite . In India rock-crystal has been worked at many localities, and the See also:

• LOOT

loot of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi yielded marvellous ornaments carved in this material . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day it is cut and polished at Vellum in the See also:

• TANJORE

Tanjore See also:

• DISTRICT

district in See also:

• MADRAS

Madras, and is known as Vellum stone . Among the numerous localities in the See also:

• UNITED

United States which yield rock-crystal mention may be made of those in See also:

• HERKIMER

Herkimer Co., New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State, whence the Lake George crystals are obtained; and it is notable that some of the Herkimer quartz encloses bituminous matter . Mokelumne See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, Calaveras Co., See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, has furnished some remarkable rock-crystal . In See also:

• EUROPE

Europe the localities are very numerous, the most important being those in the Alps . Very fine crystals remarkable for pellucidity though not of large See also:

• SIZE

size occur in cavities in the statuary See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble of See also:

• CARRARA
• CARRARA, or CARRARESI

Carrara; and remarkably hollowed crystals are known from Porretta near See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . The finest rock-crystal in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain occurs at See also:

• TINTAGEL, or TREVENA

Tintagel and the Delabole See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate See also:

• QUARRY

quarry in N . See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall; and at See also:

• SNOWDON (Wyddfa, view-place, Eryri, eagle-place)

Snowdon in N . See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . (F .

W .