KARL JOHANN See also:

• KARL JOHANN RODBERTUS (1805-1875)

RODBERTUS (1805-1875)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German socialist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Greifswald on the 12th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 18o5, his See also:

• FATHER

father being a See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor at the university there . He studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, thereafter engaging in various legal occupations; and, after travelling for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, he bought the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of Jagetzow in See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania, whence his name of See also:

• RODBERTUS, KARL JOHANN (1805-1875)

Rodbertus-Jagetzow . In 1836 he settled on this estate, and henceforward devoted his See also:

• LIFE

life chiefly to economic and other studies, taking also some See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• LOCAL

local and provincial affairs . After the revolution of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1848 Rodbertus was elected member of the Prussian See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, in which See also:

• BODY

body he belonged to the See also:

• LEFT

left centre; and for fourteen days he filled the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of public See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship and See also:

• EDUCATION

education . He sat for Berlin in the second chamber of 1849, and moved the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort imperial constitution, which was carried . When the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of dividing the Prussian electorate into three classes was adopted, Rodbertus recommended abstention from voting . His only subsequent See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in public life was his candidature for the first See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North German See also:

• DIET

diet, in which he was defeated . His See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with See also:

• LASSALLE, FERDINAND (1825-1864)

Lassalle was an interesting feature of his life . At one time Rodbertus had some intention of forming a " social party " with the help of the conservative socialist See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer and of W . Hasenclever, a prominent follower of Lassalle; but no progress was made in this . Rodbertus was neither disposed nor qualified to be an agitator, being a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, of a quiet and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical temperament, who believed that society could not be improved by violent changes, but by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual course of development . He warned the working men of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany against connecting themselves with any See also:

• POLITICAL

political party, enjoining them to be a " social party " pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple .

He died on the 8th Df See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1875 . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general position of Rodbertus was " social, monarchical and national." He held the purely economic See also:

• PART

part of the creed of the German social-democratic party, but he did not agree with theirmethods, and had no liking for the productive associations with See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state help of Lassalle . He regarded a socialistic See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic as a possible thing, but he cordially accepted the monarchic institution in his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and hoped that a German See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor might under-take the role of a social emperor . The basis of the economic teaching of Rodbertus is the principle laid down by See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith and See also:

• RICARDO, DAVID (1772-1823)

Ricardo, and insisted on by all the later socialists, that labour is the source and measure of value . In connexion with this he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the position that See also:

• RENT

rent, profit and See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages are all parts of a national income produced by the See also:

• UNITED

united organic labour of the workers of the community . Consequently there can be no talk of the wages of labour being paid out of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital; wages is only that part of the national income which is received by the workmen, of a national income which they have themselves entirely produced . The wages fund theory is thus summarily disposed of . But the most important result of the theory is his position that the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• LAND

land and capital enables the landholders and capitalists to compel the workmen to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the product of their labour with those non-working classes, and in such a proportion that the workers only obtain as much as can support them in life . Thus the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron law of wages is established . Hence also Rodbertus deduces his theory of commercial crises and of See also:

• PAUPERISM (Lat. pauper, poor)

pauperism . A fundamental part of the teaching of Rodbertus is his theory of social development . He recognized three stages in the economic progress of mankind: (1) the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in which See also:

• PROPERTY

property in human beings was the See also:

• RULE

rule; (2) the period of private property in land and capital; (3) the period, still remote, of property as dependent on service or See also:

• DESERT

desert .

The See also:

• GOAL

goal of the human See also:

• RACE

race is to be one society organized on a communistic basis; only in that way can the principle that every man be rewarded according to his See also:

• WORK

work be realized . In this communistic or socialistic state of the future land and capital will be national property, and the entire national See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production will be under national See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control ; and means will be taken so to estimate the labour of each See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen that he shall be rewarded according to its precise amount . An immense See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of state officials will be required for this See also:

• FUNCTION

function . Rodbertus believed that this See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of social development is yet far distant ; he thought that five centuries will need to pass away before the ethical force of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people can be equal to it . From temperament, culture and social position Rodbertus was averse to agitation as a means of hastening the new era; and, in the See also:

• MEASURES

measures which he recommends for making the transition towards it, he showed a scrupulous regard for the existing interests of the capitalists and landholders . He proposed that those two classes should be left in full possession of their See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the national income, but that the workers should reap the benefit of the increasing production . To secure them this increment of production, he proposed that the state should See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix a " normal working See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day " for the various trades, a normal day's work, and a legal wage, the amount of which should be revised periodically, and raised according to the increase of production, the better workman receiving a better wage . By measures such as these, carried out by the state in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to correct the evils of competition, would Rodbertus seek to make the transition into the socialistic era . The economic work of Rodbertus is an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made in a temperate and scientific spirit to elucidate the evil tendencies inherent in the competitive system, especially as exemplified in the operation of the iron law of wages . The remedy he proposes is a state management of production and See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution, which shall extend more and more, till we arrive at a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and universal See also:

• SOCIALISM

socialism,—and all based on the principle that as labour is the source of value so to the labourer should all See also:

• WEALTH

wealth belong . It is therefore an attempt to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place socialism on a scientific basis; and he is certainly entitled to be regarded as one of the founders of " scientific socialism." The following are the most important See also:

• WORKS

works of Rodbertus: Zur Erkenntniss unserer staatswirtschaftlichen Zustdnde (1842); Sociale Briefe an von Kirchmann (185o); Creditnot See also:

• DES

des Grundbesitzes (2nd ed., 1876) ; " Der Normal-Arbeitstag," in Tub . Zeitschrift (1878) ; Letters to A .

See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner, &c., Tub . Zeitschrift (1878–79) ; Letters to Rudolf Meyer (1882) . Rodbertus has received See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention in Germany, especially from Adolf Wagner (Tub . Zeitschrift, 1878); see also Kosak's Rodbertus sozialokonomische Ansichten (See also:

• JENA

Jena, 1882) ; an excellent monograph by G . See also:

• ADLER, FELIX (r851- )

Adler, Rodbertus, der Begrunder des wissenschaftlichen Sozialismus (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1884) ; Dietzel, Karl Rodbertus, Darstellung seines Lebens and seiner Lehre (Jena, 1886) ; Jentsch, Rodbertus (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1899) ; and E . C . K . Gonner, Social See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy of Rodbertus (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1899) .