See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

MAURICE See also:

• MAURICE ROLLINAT (1853-1903)

ROLLINAT (1853-1903)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CHATEAUROUX
• CHATEAUROUX, MARIE ANNE DE

Chateauroux in 1853 . His See also:

• FATHER

father represented See also:

• INDRE

Indre in the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly of 1848, and was a friend of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand, whose See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence is very marked in See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• ROLLINAT, MAURICE (1853-1903)

Rollinat's first See also:

• VOLUME

volume, Dans See also:

• LES

les See also:

• BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN (1842– )

brandes (1877) . The volume, however, attracted little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and it was with his second publication, very different in manner, that he made his reputation . In Les Neuroses, with the sub-See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Les See also:

• AMES
• AMES, FISHER (1758–1808)
• AMES, JOSEPH (1689–1759)
• AMES, OAKES (1804–1873)
• AMES, WILLIAM (1576–1633)

Ames, Les Luxures, Les Refuges, Les Spectres, Les Tenebres, he showed himself as a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• BAUDELAIRE, CHARLES PIERRE (1821-1867)

Baudelaire . He constantly returns in these poems to the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical horrors of See also:

• DEATH

death, and is obsessed by unpleasant images . Less outre in sentiment are L'Abime (1886), La Nature, and a See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children's See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, Le Livre de la Nature (1893) . He was musician as well as poet, and set many of his songs to See also:

• MUSIC

music . He lost his See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason in consequence of his wife's death from See also:

• HYDROPHOBIA (Gr. iibwp, water, and 4osos, fear; so called from the symptom of dread of water), or RABIES (Lat. for" madness ")

hydrophobia, and died on the 26th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1903 . See also:

• ROLLING

ROLLING-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

MILL, a See also:

• TERM

term which includes several types of See also:

• MACHINES

machines used for producing the sectional forms (fig . I) in which wrought See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel are required for the use of See also:

• BOILER

boiler-makers, platers and See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge-builders, and for constructional See also:

• WORK

work generally . The See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of wrought iron has been a diminishing See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry for many years, while that of steel increases . Though the plant employed for both is alike in essential principles of See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, the growth in the use of steel has revolutionized the practice, chiefly on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the more massive dimensions in which steel sections are rolled .

Iron sections are relatively small, and many are produced by piling, i.e. by See also:

• BUILDING

building up with small portions of malleable puddled See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . There is no limit in reason to the dimensions in which steel sections can be rolled, and they are never piled, however large, but always rolled from solid See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast ingots . When steel ingots are rolled into sectional forms the reduction in transverse dimensions is very See also:

• GREAT

great . The work begins at nearly a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and continues until a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low red is reached . Obviously the stresses to which the material is subjected are very severe . For this reason the See also:

• PROCESS

process of reduction has to be effected very gradually, and especially so in those cases where reduction is being done in two directions at right angles with each other, as in channel sections (fig . 6) and See also:

• JOIST

joist or See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam sections (See also:

• FIGS

figs . 7 and 8) . It might be thought, since steel is always cast previously to rolling, that it might be cast at once into the sectional forms required . But See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound results could not be obtained in this way, because the gases occluded in the metal See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow-holes which are See also:

• SOURCES

sources of weakness . The material itself, even in the solid portions, is not homogeneous . By removing the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• INGOT

ingot where the blow-holes chiefly congregate and rolling the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder at a white or red heat, the metal is improved by consolidation, and by the work done upon it .

To this practice there is no exception . Rolling-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills are known as " two-high," or " three-high," according as two or three rolls are mounted one over the other .Ye 37 as J9 I, 2, Flats . 3, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

Flat with bevelled edges . 4, 5, Flats with rounded edges . 6, Bulb See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . 7, See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

Wedge bar . 8, Scree or See also:

• GRATE (from Lat. crates, a hurdle)

grate bar . 9, Square. to, Triangular. it, Hexagonal . 12, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round . 13, See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

Oval . 14, Hollow See also:

• HALF

half-round . 15, Half-round .

16, See also:

• CONVEX

Convex . 17, Square-edged convex . 18, Vee . 19, O.G . 20, See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

Angle iron . 21, Square See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, or square See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat angle . 22, Round-backed angle . 23, Unequal-sided angle . 24, Acute angle . 25, Obtuse angle . 26, Bulb angle . 27, Tee .

28, Bulb tee . 29, 30, Beams or joists, or girders, or H-irons . 31, Channel . 32, Zed . 33, Cruciform See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section . 34, See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

Pillar section . 35, Troughing . 36, 37, 38, See also:

• RAIL

Rail-way rail . 39, See also:

• TRAMWAY

Tramway rail . 40, Heavy See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane rail . (figs . 2 and 3) .

In the two-high type the two rolls revolve in opposite directions, so that an ingot, slab or See also:

• BLOOM (from A.S. bloma, a flower)

bloom presented to the entering See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in and between the rolls, which reduce its thickness . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of rolls which are two perfectly See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain cylinders (See also:

• PLATE

plate-rolls) the shape produced is that of broad, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and flat plates or sheets . Several passages (passes) are required to effect the reduction required, because this must be See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual . To regulate the amount the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll is set down bodily by means of screws pressing on its See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings which slide in the end supports (housings) . In the case of plate-rolls, which are plain cylinders, this setting down must be equal at each end . The See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the top roll is balanced, to avoid See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock when a plate is entering . The rolls are made of cast iron, and are either See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain rolls or chilled rolls . The first are formed from a tough strong grade of iron, the quality which is used for all the roughing down and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general work . The second are made of a highly mottled iron, cast against a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• MOULD

mould (chill) of cast iron, by which a steely See also:

• SURFACE

surface is obtained . These are used for See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• FINISHING

finishing, or for imparting a polished surface to a section already nearly reduced to See also:

• SIZE

size in grain rolls . In later heavier practice, rolls of cast steel and forged steel are becoming See also:

• COMMON

common . They are more costly than iron, but more durable and much lighter for equal strength .

They are essential in See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour plate rolls . The length of rolls should not exceed about four times their See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, for otherwise they are liable to See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and produce plates thicker at the centre than towards the edges . From this elementary design several types are derived . In the two-high mill it is clear that if the direction of the rotation of the rolls is always the same, then the plate being rolled must be taken back after each " pass " to the front of the rolls . Hence there is one " lost pass " for every reduction in thickness . This is the case in the " pull-over " mill, nearly obsolete .