See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE DE See also:

• PIERRE DE RONSARD (1524-1585)

RONSARD (1524-1585)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poet and " See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of poets " (as his own See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France called him), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau de la Poissonniere, near the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of See also:

• COUTURE, THOMAS (1815-1879)

Couture in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Vendbmois (See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Loir-et-See also:

• CHER

Cher), on the 11th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1524 . His See also:

• FAMILY

family are said to have come from the Slav provinces to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube (provinces with which the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades had given France much intercourse) in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Baudouin de See also:

• RONSARD, PIERRE DE (1524-1585)

Ronsard or Rossart was the founder of the French See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, and made his See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early stages of the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . The poet's See also:

• FATHER

father was named Loys, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was Jeanne de Chaudrier, of a family not only See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble in itself but well connected . See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre was the youngest son . Loys de Ronsard was maitre d'hotel du roi to See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I., whose captivity after See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia had just been softened by treaty, and he had to quit his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home shortly after Pierre's See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . The future Prince of Poets was educated at home for some years and sent to the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College de See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris when he was nine years old . It is said that the rough See also:

• LIFE

life of a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval school did not suit him . He had, however, no See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long experience of it, being quickly appointed See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page, first to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's eldest son See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois, and then to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans . When Madeleine of France was married to See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James V. of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, Ronsard was attached to the king's service, and he spent three years in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The latter See also:

• PART

part of this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time seems to have been passed in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, though he had, strictly speaking, no business there . On returning to France in 1540 he was again taken into the service of the duke of Orleans .

In this service he had other opportunities of travel, being sent to See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders and again to Scotland . After a time a more.important employment See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to his See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot, and he was attached as secretary to the See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of Lazare de Baif, the father of his future colleague in the Pleiade and his See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion on this occasion, See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine de Baif, at the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires . Afterwards he was attached in the same way to the suite of the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal du Bellay-Langey, and his mythical See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais See also:

• DATES

dates mythically from this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . His apparently promising See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic career was, however, cut See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short by an attack of deafness which no physician could cure, and he determined to devote himself to study . The institution which he See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose for the purpose among the numerous See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and colleges of Paris was the College Coqueret, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal of which was See also:

• DAURAT (or DORAT), JEAN (in Lat. AURATUS), (1508–1588)

Daurat—afterwards the " dark See also:

• STAR

star " (as he has been called from his silence in French) of the Pleiade, and already an acquaintance of Ronsard's from his having held the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in the Baif house-hold . Antoine de Baif, Daurat's See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, accompanied Ronsard; See also:

• BELLEAU, REMY (c. 1527-1577)

Belleau shortly followed; See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim du Bellay, the second of the seven, joined not much later . See also:

• MURETUS

Muretus (See also:

• JEAN

Jean Antoine de Muret), a great See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and by means of his Latin plays a great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in the creation of French tragedy, was also a student here . Ronsard's period of study occupied seven years, and the first manifesto of the new See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, which was to apply to the See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular the principles of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism and scholarship learnt from the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, came not from him but from Du Bellay . The Defense et See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration de la longue francaise of the latter appeared in 1549, and the Pleiade (or See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

Brigade, as it was first called) may be said to have been then launched . It consisted, as its name implies, of seven writers whose names are some-times differently enumerated, though the orthodox See also:

• CANON

canon is beyond doubt composed of Ronsard, Du Bellay, Baif, Belleau, See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus de Tyard (a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and position who had exemplified the principles of the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends earlier), See also:

• JODELLE, ETIENNE

Jodelle the dramatist, and Daurat . Ronsard's own See also:

• WORK

work came a little later, and a rather idle See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is told of a See also:

• TRICK

trick of Du Bellay's which at last determined him to publish . Some single and See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor pieces, an See also:

• EPITHALAMIUM (Gr. hirl, at or upon, and BhXayos, a nuptial chamber)

epithalamium on Antoine de See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon and Jeanne de Navarre (1550), a " Hymne de la France " (1549), an " See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

Ode a la Paix," preceded the publication in 1550 of the four first books (" first " is characteristic and noteworthy) of the Odes of Pierre de Ronsard .

This was followed in 1552 by the publication of his Amours de Cassandre with the fifth See also:

• BOOK

book of Odes . These books excited a violent literary quarrel . See also:

• MAROT
• MAROT, DANIEL (seventeenth century)

Marot was dead, but he See also:

• LEFT

left a numerous school, some of whom saw in the stricter literary critique of the Pleiade, in its outspoken contempt of merely vernacular and medieval forms, in its strenuous See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice to French See also:

• POETRY

poetry to " follow the ancients," and so forth, an insult to the author of the See also:

• ADOLESCENCE (Lat. adolescentia, from adolescere, to grow up, past part. adultus, grown up, Eng. " adult ")

Adolescence Clementine and his followers . The French See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and indeed all French society, was just then much interested in literary questions, and a curious story is told of the rivalry that ensued . Mellin de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Gelais, it is said, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the " Ecole Marotique and a poet of no small merit, took up Ronsard's book and read part of it in a more or less designedly See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion before the king . It may be observed that if he did so it was a distinctly rash and uncourtier-like See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, inasmuch as, from Ronsard's father's position in the royal See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, the poet was personally known and liked both by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry and by his family . At any See also:

• RATE

rate, See also:

• MARGUERITE

Marguerite de See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois, the king's See also:

• SISTER

sister, after-wards duchess of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, is said to have snatched the book from Saint-Gelais and insisted on See also:

• READING

reading it herself, with the result of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPLAUSE (Lat. applaudere, to strike upon, clap)

applause . Henceforward, if not before, his See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance as a poet was not doubtful, and indeed the tradition of his having to fight his way against cabals is almost entirely unsupported . His popularity in his own time was overwhelming and immediate, and his prosperity was unbroken . He published his See also:

• HYMNS

Hymns, dedicated to Marguerite de See also:

• SAVOIE

Savoie, in 1555; the conclusion of the Amours, addressed to another heroine, in 1556; and then a collection of tEuvres completes, said to be due to the invitation of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of Francis II., in 156o; with Elegies, mascarades et bergeries in 1565 . To this same See also:

• YEAR

year belongs his most important and interesting Abrege de fart poelique frangais . The rapid See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of sovereigns did Ronsard no harm .

See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IX., who succeeded his brother after a very short time, was even better inclined to him than Henry and Francis . He gave him rooms in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace; he bestowed upon him See also:

• DIVERS

divers abbacies and priories; and he called him and regarded him constantly as his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in poetry . Neither was Charles IX. a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad poet . This royal patronage, however, had its disagree-able See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . It excited violent dislike to Ronsard on the part of the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots, who wrote See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant pasquinades against him, strove (by a ridiculous exaggeration of the Dionysiac festival at See also:

• ARCUEIL

Arcueil, in which the friends had indulged to celebrate the success of the first French tragedy, Jodelle's Cleopatre) to represent him as a libertine and an atheist, and (which seems to have annoyed him more than anything else) set up his follower Du Bartas as his See also:

• RIVAL

rival . According to some words of his own, which are quite credible considering the ways of the time, they were not contented with this variety of See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, but attempted to have him assassinated . During this period Ronsard's work was considerable but mostly occasional, and the one work of magnitude upon which Charles put him, the Franciade (1572), has never been ranked, even by his most devoted admirers, as a chief See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to fame . The See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre (the decasyllable) which the king chose could not but contrast unfavourably with the magnificent alexandrines which Du Bartas and See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa d'See also:

• AUBIGNE, CONSTANT
• AUBIGNE, JEAN HENRI MERLE
• AUBIGNE, THEODORE AGRIPPA

Aubigne were shortly to produce; the general See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan is feebly classical, and the very See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language has little or nothing of that racy mixture of scholarliness and love of natural beauty which distinguishes the best work of the Pleiade . The poem could never have had an abiding success, but at its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance it had the singular bad See also:

• LUCK

luck almost to coincide with the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew, which had occurred about a fortnight before its publication . One party in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state were certain to look coldly on the work of a See also:

• MINION

minion of the court at such a juncture, the other had something else to think of . The See also:

• DEATH

death of Charles made, indeed, little difference in the court favour which Ronsard enjoyed, but, combined with his increasing infirmities, it seems to have determined him to quit court life . During his last days he lived chiefly at a house which he possessed in See also:

• VENDOME
• VENDOME, LOUIS JOSEPH

Vendome, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of his native province, at his See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey at Croix-Val in the same neighbourhood, or else at Paris, where he was usually the See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest of Jean See also:

• GALLAND, ANTOINE (1646-1715)

Galland, well known as a scholar, at the College de Boncourt .

It seems also that he had a See also:

• TOWN

town house of his own in the See also:

• FAUBOURG

Faubourg Saint-See also:

• MARCEL, ETIENNE (d: 1358)

Marcel . At any rate his preferments made him in perfectly easy circumstances, and he seems neither to have derived nor wished for any profitfrom his books . A half-jocular See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion that his publishes should give him See also:

• MONEY

money to buy " du bois pour se chauffer " in return for his last revision of his fEuvres completes is the only trace of any See also:

• DESIRE

desire of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, he received not merely gifts and endowments from his own See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign but presents from many others, including See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth of England . Mary, queen of Scots, who had known him earlier, addressed hint from her See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison; and See also:

• TASSO, TORQUATO (1544-1595)

Tasso consulted him on the Gerusalemme . His last years were, however, saddened not merely by the death of many of his most intimate friends, but by constant and increasing See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health . This did not interfere with his literary work in point of quality, for he was rarely idle, and some of his latest work is among his best . But he indulged (what few poets have wisely indulged) the temptation of constantly altering his work, and many of his later alterations are by no means for the better . Towards the end of 1585 his See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of health See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew worse and worse, and he seems to have moved restlessly from one of his houses to another for some months . When the end came, which, though in great See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain, he met in a resolute and religious manner, he was at his priory of Saint-Cosme at See also:

• TOURS

Tours, and he was buried in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of that name on See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday, See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 27 . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and fortunes of Ronsard's See also:

• WORKS

works are among the most remarkable in literary See also:

• HISTORY

history, and See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply in themselves a kind of illustration of the progress of French literature during the last three centuries . It was long his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune to be almost always extravagantly admired or violently attacked .

At first, as .has been said, the enmity, not altogether unprovoked, of the friends and followers of Marot fell to his lot, then the still fiercer antagonism of the Huguenot See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction, who, happening to possess a poet of great merit in Du Bartas, were able to attack Ronsard in his tenderest point . But See also:

• FATE

fate had by no means done its worst with him in his lifetime . After his death the classical reaction set in under the auspices of See also:

• MALHERBE, FRANCOIS DE (1555-1628)

Malherbe, who seems to have been animated with a sort of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal hatred of Ronsard, though it is not clear that they ever met . After Malherbe the rising See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of See also:

• CORNEILLE, PIERRE (1606–1684)
• CORNEILLE, THOMAS (1625-1709)

Corneille and his See also:

• CON

con-temporaries obscured the tentative and unequal work of the Pleiade, which was, moreover, directly attacked by Boileau himself, the See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator of French criticism in the last half of the 17th century . Then Ronsard was, except by a few men of See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, like La Bruyere and See also:

• FENELON, BERTRAND DE SALIGNAC

Fenelon, forgotten when he was not sneered at . In this condition he remained during the *hole 18th century and the first See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the 19th . The Romantic revival, seeing in him a victim of its See also:

• SPECIAL

special bete noire Boileau, and attracted by his splendid diction, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich metrical See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty, and See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of classical and medieval peculiarities, adopted his name as a kind of See also:

• BATTLE

battle-cry, and for the moment exaggerated his merits somewhat . The See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical work, however, first of Sainte-Beuve in his Tableau de la litterature francaise au lame siecle, and since of others, has established Ronsard See also:

• PRETTY

pretty securely in his right See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, a place which may be defined in a few sentences . For the general position of the Pleiade, see FRENCH LITERATURE . Ronsard, its acknowledged chief and its most voluminous poet, was probably also its best, though a few isolated pieces of Belleau excel him in See also:

• AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL (1801-1892)

airy lightness of See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch . Several sonnets of Du Bellay exhibit what may be called the intense and voluptuous See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance more perfectly than anything of his, and the finest passages of the Tragiques and the Divine Sepmaine surpass his work in command of the alexandrine and in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of turning it to the purposes of satirical invective and descriptive narration . But that work is, as has been said, very extensive (we possess at a rough guess not much short of a hundred thousand lines of his), . and it is extraordinarily varied in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form .

He did not introduce the See also:

• SONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet)

sonnet into France, but he practised it very soon after its introduction and with admirable skill—the famous " Quand See also:

• VOUS

vous serez bien vieille " being one of the acknowledged gems of French literature . His odes, which are very numerous, are also very interesting and in their best shape very perfect compositions . He began by imitating the strophic arrangement of the ancients, but very soon had the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom to See also:

• DESERT

desert this for a kind of See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment of the Horatian ode to See also:

• RHYME

rhyme, instead of exact quantitative metre . In this latter kind he devised some exquisitely melodious rhythms of which, till our own See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret died with the 17th century . His more sustained work sometimes displays a bad selection of measure; and his occasional poetry—epistles, eclogues, elegies, &c.—is injured by its vast See also:

• VOLUME

volume . But the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to the Franciade is a very See also:

• FINE

fine piece of See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, far See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior (it is in alexandrines) to the poem itself . Generally speaking, Ronsard is best in his amatory verse (the long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of sonnets and odes to Cassandre, See also:

• MARIE

Marie, Genevre, Helene—Helene de Surgeres, a later and mainly " literary " love—&c.), and in his descriptions of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country (the famous " Mignonne allons voir si la See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose," the " See also:

• FONTAINE, PIERRE FRANCOIS LEONARD (1762-1853)

Fontaine Bellerie," the " Foret de Gastine," and so forth), which have an extraordinary See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and freshness . No one used with more See also:

• ART

art than he the graceful diminutives which his school set in fashion . He knew well too how to See also:

• MANAGE

manage the gorgeous adjectives (" marbrine," " cinabrine," " ivoirine " and the like) which were another See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy of the Pleiade, and in his hands they rarely become stiff or cumbrous . In short, Ronsard shows eminently the two great attractions of French 16th-century poetry as compared with that of the two following ages—magnificence of language and imagery and graceful variety of metre .